The Vikings Essay Research Paper Joseph Johnston free essay sample

The Vikings Essay, Research Paper Joseph Johnston was a Confederate general and American ground forces officer. Johnston was born in Farmville, Va. , on February 3, l807. Johnston was frequently recognized for his defensive abilities but criticized for being excessively cautious. He was frequently hurt and known for his courage in the Seminole and Mexican wars. He was looked down on as an able officer and became the quartermaster general of the ground forces. In April of l86l, Joseph Johnston followed his province into the Confederacy and was appointed a general in the Southern Army. In July he commanded Confederate military personnels at the First Battle of Bull Run. Although he got the triumph, he shared the recognition with his co-worker, General P.G.T. Beauregard. In May l862, Johnston was badly wounded at the Battle of Seven Pines. He spent six months recovering from his hurts. During Johnstons convalescence, a major statement broke out between Johnston and Confederate President Jefferson Davis. We will write a custom essay sample on The Vikings Essay Research Paper Joseph Johnston or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The dissagreement was over Johnston? s rank among generals in the ground forces and differences over strate gray and military disposal. In November l862, Johnston took bid of southern forces in Mississippi and Tennessee. Johnston was unable to halt General Grant from taking the triumph over Vicksburg. Public sentiment still wanted Davis to delegate Johnston to command the Army of Tennessee after they suffered terrible lickings in late l863. In l864, Johnston led his ground forces in an attempt to halt General William T. Shermans? s invasion of Georgia. Once once more, Johnstons? personality and his statements with Davis put a crick in his public presentation, and his ground forces bit by bit fell back to Atlanta. On July l7, l864, Johnston was eventually replaced. Johnston was briefly called back by General Robert E.Lee in early l865 to oppose the federal forces in the Carolinas. He surrendered to Sherman on April 26, 17 yearss after Lee surrendered at Appomattox. After the war, Johnston served in the U.S. House of Representatives and as commissioner of U.S. railwaies. Johnston died in Washington, D.C. on March 2l, l89l which was brought on by standing hatless in the rain at the funeral of General Sherman.

75+ Interesting History Research Paper Topics - Paperell.com

75+ Interesting History Research Paper Topics 75+ Interesting History Research Paper Topics Some people say that history is boring, and a lot find it completely obsolete. However, what most people aren’t aware of is the very fact that history teaches us not to repeat the same mistakes and it teaches us how to be noble and appreciate more the time we live in. Students are becoming keener on history, so they decide to come up with history research paper topics with thorough research of historical events to write about. However, if you are unable to come up with the most appropriate topic, we are here to present you with a list of very intriguing topics to focus on.How to choose a topic for a research paper?Not being able to make the right decision on what topic to dedicate your time to is more than understandable since history is the subject that gives you a vast choice. Therefore, a lot of students find themselves lost on how to choose a research topic when there are so many interesting history research paper topics.The best way to choose a good topic would be to focu s on historical figures that you admire or that you think that marked one period in history so much that they changed the present time as well. You don’t have to rely on writing about wars as you can write about festivals, games, and free time activities in certain past ages as well as mythology, mystery, and religion. Life in middle ages can be an interesting subject, for example.However, students who struggle with their writing skills can always buy a research paper online from reliable writing services that will teach them the art of writing on good history research paper topics. On the other hand, those who would like to try to write the papers themselves can get help with college papers online as well by working with a person who is an expert in that field.What’s more, when choosing the topic, make sure there are enough study materials because it’s important that you have resources you can lean on in case you ran out of ideas. Then again, you should, of cou rse, avoid plagiarism since this might severely harm your academic reputation. Therefore, if you are not sure how to provide the right citation and references, don’t hesitate to get help from people who can do it with eyes closed.Controversial topic in history for research paperFinding a subject that is going to spark other people’s interest and encourage them to read your writing assignment is not easy, but luckily, there are a variety of controversial research topics as well as debatable topics for research paper that can encourage other students to share their opinions on the subject. Here are just a few to help you start:Why has nationalism failed to become a primary source of identity in the Arab States, but it has everywhere else?How were women treated in the Soviet occupied zone during World War Two?What happened in Germany after the fall of Hitler and the Nazis?Did the Holocaust experiments achieve anything scientifically other than pointless cruelty?Why was co mmunism perceived as a bad system historically?Was the Spanish Inquisition morally justified?What sort of presence did the papal inquisitions of the 12-14th centuries have in England?Why is Niccolo Machiavelli considered the founder of political science?What’s the story behind the assassination of John F. Kennedy?Were the forms of state institutions a contributing factor to the Great Divergence?How free was the British press during the 19th century?Was the Six Days War a preemptive strike or an act of aggression?Who was Abu Hamid al-Ghazali and were his ideas good for the Islamic world?Did the Native Americans resist assimilation?Did the United States use atomic bombs on Japan to end the war or to prevent the Soviet Union from amassing influence in Asia?What led to the great immigration wave from Syria?Why is the fall of Constantinople in 1453 considered to be one of the saddest moment in the history of humankind?Topics about all the agesHistory covers so many ages and so man y times, and that’s what gives you the necessary variety in order to write a good research paper.Ancient history research paper topicsWhen you think about history, a lot of people focus on the two world wars without even taking into consideration the ancient history such as Ancient Rome, Ancient Greece or Egypt that provide so many interesting ancient history topics for research paper. However, not only Rome and Greece were interesting since you have many other populations who lived in ancient times but whose history is less known.What was mannerism like in ancient times, and how did people behave towards each other?How was winter warfare conducted during ancient history (5000BC to 500AD)?Were there protests and demonstrations in ancient times?What are the greatest infantry battles of ancient history?Who had the strongest military in ancient history?Did anyone ever object to the Gladiatorial Games in Ancient Rome on moral grounds?How were slaves treated in Ancient Rome and wh y they didn’t unite in groups to demand more rights?Was it a pure coincidence that democracy emerged in Ancient Greece and what led to it in general?What is the story of Theagenes of Thasos who was the strongest fighter in Ancient Greece?Why was Ancient Rome more influential that Ancient Greece?How did police work in Ancient Rome?What are some similarities and differences between Ancient Rome and Ancient Greece?What was the life of civilians like in Ancient Rome?How did philosophy become so popular in Ancient Greece?Who was Alexander the Great, and why is he considered to be one of the greatest leaders in history?Which people from Ancient Rome are worth admiration and why?Which people from Ancient Greece are worth admiration and why?What was the role of gods in Ancient Greece?How was ancient Egypt different from Ancient Greece and Rome?How did voting work in Ancient Greece?Middle Ages research topicsMedieval history, Middle Ages, renaissance represent a historical period of c hange, development but also of wars and new laws which leaves you with a lot of Middle Age topics. There are many stories about medieval history and renaissance, for example, which could be explored to a much greater extent.How did mixed-religion marriages work in the Middle Ages?How common was excommunication in the High Middle Ages, and how were these people treated?How did humans cope with poor eyesight in the Middle Ages?What crimes were common in medieval history?Who was King Richard III?Why were the Middle Ages considered to be the Age of Discovery?What differences in architecture existed between Early and Late Middle Ages?What led to the Byzantine revival?What was life like for the intellectuals of the Middle Ages?What was life like in Venice in the time of the Renaissance?How were North European High Middle Ages different from Italian renaissance?What events that happened in medieval times changed history?Did the Crusades set the stage for the greater stability of the High M iddle Ages?What was the life of an average person like in the Middle Ages in Europe?Was there much interest in the Qu’ran in medieval Europe?What discoveries were made in medieval Europe?Who was Nicholas of Cusa?Why 1492 a significant year?How was a renaissance in Russia different from the one in the western countries?How were cities developed in Medieval Europe?Modern world history topicsModern day history has been marked with plenty of negative events since there were two world wars, flu pandemic, decolonization but also the birth of the digital revolution which can be an endless resource of ideas for 20th-century topics so take a look at the ones below.What made nationalism a major issue in the 20th century?Why was the Eastern front different from the Western front during World War I?How did the US military transition from the Civil War in 1865 to World War I in 1914?Why were cubism and surrealism so popular in the 20th century?What was the status/role of women in the USSR through the 20th century?Why didnt any western countries intervene in Communist China in the mid-20th century?What was the role of Italy in WWII?Why did the Great Depression start in the United States?What were international relations like between the two World Wars?What happened between the two World Wars in countries that participated in World War One?What was Vichy France in WWII and what ideology it presented?What goods were mass-produced in the 20th century?What inventions marked the 20th century?Who were the most important leaders in WWII?Why are the 1920s called the Roaring Twenties?How did the world recover after World War II?What led to the Spanish Civil War in 1936?What happened to the British Empire after World War One?To what extent did mainstream Russian society adopt Soviet ideals?What was art and music like in the 20th century?What events marked the 20th century in Australia?Were there any states that could be called totalitarian that existed before the 20th century? What were the greatest presidential speeches in the 20th century?What caused so many empires to die out in the 20th century?What were the most significant inventions and technological advances in the 20th century?World history research paper topicsIf you would like to write a topic on world history but you cannot decide whether you find European, Asian, African or even history of Middle East interesting, you can rely on the following subjects that might help you narrow down your choice, or you can simply borrow one of ours.European history research paper topicsAs a continent, Europe, in general, was blessed with a very rich history that wasn’t always quite bright or positive if we take into account the wars and Inquisition, the Crusades and so many other events that made the continent as it is now. However, thanks to all those events, there are many interesting European history topics that you can explore.What led to Yugoslav wars in Eastern Europe?Why has Western Europe alwa ys been more developed than the East?What significant battles occurred in Central Europe?How was the English so ready to switch to the Church of England?Who were the cruelest rulers of France?What led to the French Revolution?Did any other country besides Russia use women soldiers during World War Two?Why was the Battle of Dunkirk of great importance in WWII?What really triggered World War One?What was Hitlers reasoning in attacking the Soviets during WWII?When did England and France shift from being enemies to being allies?Was the Holocaust the worst crime that occurred in Europe?What nation has had the most influential culture in Europe throughout history?What led to the rise of Gothic architecture?What was it like to live under Josip Broz Tito?What were the differences between feudalism in Western Europe and Eastern Europe?What led to the fall of great Yugoslavia?How did the Balkan wars reshape the map of Europe?Historically, what were some common stereotypes of Eastern Orthodox Christians in Europe?What was life like in Asian Soviet countries?Who was Gavrilo Princip?How did the Industrial Revolution change European countries?What led to the fall of the Berlin Wall and what came afterward?What was the Iberian Peninsula’s role in the World Wars?Why is Dutch colonization less known than the British or the French one?What factors contributed to the mass degradation of women in France during the aftermath of WWII?Why did Poland surrender so quickly in World War II?Why was Operation Barbarossa planned for when it was?Historically, what relations do the state of Germany and the church have?What was the Vikings influence on Normandy?US history research paper topicsThe United States of America is a very young country compared to the whole continents like Europe and Asia, but that doesn’t mean that there are no interesting US history topics to choose from. Therefore, make sure you read those below and get some idea on what you might want to write about .What is the story behind the civil war in the US?Why the US used two atomic bombs instead of just one in 1945?What were the most intriguing events in the time of colonization?How did the US fight for independence?How was America founded?Who were the first inhabitants of the USA?What culture and history did the Native Americans cherish before the arrival of Europeans?How were slaves treated in the USA?What led to the abolishment of slavery?What was the life of African-Americans like in the 19th century in the USA?How was the first Constitution written?What were the highlights of the Jeffersonian Republican Era?What is the story behind the Cold War?How did the US deal with the 9/11?What came after 9/11 in the modern history of the USA?Why was the attack on Pearl Harbor so significant historically? Why exactly did the Japanese attack the USA?How have taxes been introduced throughout the USA history?Why did the leaders of the American Revolution fail to establish equality for everyone? Who were the people behind the scene in the American Revolution?What traditions are related to Independence Day?Research paper topics on AfricaAs a continent, Africa is very rarely mentioned in the news so many people don’t really talk a lot about African culture and history through African countries also went through a lot of difficult situations with wars and crimes within the tribes. If you don’t want to write about Europe and the USA, then you should give Africa a chance since there are many interesting topics on Africa related to tribal lives as well as the development of the continent in general. In the list below, you can find some of the most intriguing topics about Africa.Why was South Africa determined to maintain apartheid?What happened in the Rwandan genocide?What was Africa like in the 1600s, was it similar to Europe and Asia?What are, historically speaking, the poorest countries in Africa and what led to the poverty of those countries?What are, historical ly speaking, the wealthiest countries in Africa and what lead to the wealth of those countries?Why did North Africa go from one of the wealthiest regions in the time of the Roman Empire to a regional backwater?What are some post-colonial troubles people in Africa had to face?Why did the Dutch move into South Africa?What is the story about Africa Campaign during World War II?What religions have been practiced in Africa?What makes the Democratic Republic of Congo different from its neighboring countries?What are some facts related to Ancient Africa?What were the most powerful empires from the 6th to the 18th century?What leads to the decolonization of Africa?What was the role of Africa in World War I?Why did it take until the 19th century for European powers to start colonizing Sub-Saharan Africa?Who was Idi Amin?What African leader did the most for his or her nation in modern history?What caused the Sudanese Civil War?What were the consequences of German Warfare in Africa in 1884?How were petroleum and oil discovered in Ethiopia?Who were famous authors coming from Africa?Middle East research paper topicsThe Middle East is considered to be the cradle of civilization. Therefore, you can be sure that there are some amazing research papers already written about this area of our beautiful planet. However, throughout the history, the Middle East was the center of trading, knowledge, and art so you can check the following Middle East research topics in order to find some of your likings.Was Genghis Khan’s decimation in the Middle East what led to dark ages for Islam?What are some less known facts about the Byzantine Empire?Who were the most powerful pharaohs of Egypt?What made the first great civilization of mankind, the Sumerians?Who was Sargon the Great?What empires spread over Mesopotamia?What are some significant events that happened in Pre-Islam Middle East?How did the Ottoman Empire spread to the Middle East?What came after the discovery of oil in Persia in 1908?Which countries in the Middle East have been economically powerful throughout history?What was feudalism like in the Middle East?What led to the creation of the United Arab Emirates?What were the reasons for British imperial expansion in the Middle East?Were the Crusades supported by Christians in the Middle East?What did the western world think of the Middle East in the 1800s and early 1900s?In what ways were Roman and Byzantine cultures adapted to and incorporated in the Middle East?What significant events changed the Middle East in modern history?

World War I Campaigns of 1917

World War I Campaigns of 1917 In November 1916, Allied leaders again met at Chantilly to devise plans for the coming year. In their discussions, they determined to renew the fighting on the 1916 Somme battlefield as well as mount an offensive in Flanders designed to clear the Germans from the Belgian coast. These plans were quickly altered when General Robert Nivelle replaced General Joseph Joffre as commander-in-chief of the French Army. One of the heroes of Verdun, Nivelle was an artillery officer who believed that saturation bombardment coupled with creeping barrages could destroy the enemys defenses creating rupture and allowing Allied troops to break through to the open ground in the German rear. As the shattered landscape of the Somme did not offer suitable ground for these tactics, the Allied plan for 1917 came to resemble that of 1915, with offensives planned for Arras in the north and the Aisne in the south. While the Allies debated strategy, the Germans were planning to change their position. Arriving in the West in August 1916, General Paul von Hindenburg and his chief lieutenant, General Erich Ludendorff, began construction of a new set of entrenchments behind the Somme. Formidable in scale and depth, this new Hindenburg Line reduced the length of the German position in France, freeing ten divisions for service elsewhere. Completed in January 1917, German troops began shifting back to the new line in March. Watching the Germans withdraw, Allied troops followed in their wake and constructed a new set of trenches opposite the Hindenburg Line. Fortunately for Nivelle, this movement did not affect the areas targeted for offensive operations (Map). America Enters the Fray In the wake of the Lusitania sinking in 1915, President Woodrow Wilson had demanded that Germany cease its policy of unrestricted submarine warfare. Though the Germans had complied with this, Wilson began efforts to bring the combatants to the negotiating table in 1916. Working through his emissary Colonel Edward House, Wilson even offered the Allies American military intervention if they would accept his conditions for a peace conference before the Germans. Despite this, the United States remained decidedly isolationist at the beginning of 1917 and its citizens were not eager to join what was seen as a European war. Two events in January 1917 set in motion a series of events which brought the nation into the conflict. The first of these was the Zimmermann Telegram which was made public in the United States on March 1. Transmitted in January, the telegram was a message from German Foreign Secretary Arthur Zimmermann to the government of Mexico seeking a military alliance in event of war with the United States. In return for attacking the United States, Mexico was promised the return of territory lost during the Mexican-American War (1846-1848), including Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona, as well as substantial financial assistance. Intercepted by British naval intelligence and the US State Department, the contents of the message caused widespread outrage among the American people. On December 22, 1916, the Chief of Staff of the Kaiserliche Marine, Admiral Henning von Holtzendorff issued a memorandum calling for the resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare. Arguing that victory could only be achieved by attacking Britains maritime supply lines, he was quickly supported by von Hindenburg and Ludendorff. In January 1917, they convinced Kaiser Wilhelm II that the approach was worth the risk of a break with the United States and submarine attacks resumed on February 1. The American reaction was swift and more severe than anticipated in Berlin. On February 26, Wilson asked Congress for permission to arm American merchant ships. In mid-March, three American ships were sunk by German submarines. A direct challenge, Wilson went before a special session of Congress on April 2 declaring that the submarine campaign was a war against all nations and asked that war be declared with Germany. This request was granted on April 6 and subsequent declarations of war were issu ed against Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria. Mobilizing for War Though the United States had joined the fight, it would be some time before American troops could be fielded in large numbers. Numbering only 108,000 men in April 1917, the US Army began a rapid expansion as volunteers enlisted in large numbers and a selective draft instituted. Despite this, it was decided to immediately dispatch an American Expeditionary Force composed of one division and two Marine brigades to France. Command of the new AEF was given to General John J. Pershing. Possessing the second-largest battle fleet in the world, the American naval contribution was more immediate as US battleships joined the British Grand Fleet at Scapa Flow, giving the Allies a decisive and permanent numerical advantage at sea. The U-boat War As the United States mobilized for war, Germany began its U-boat campaign in earnest. In lobbying for unrestricted submarine warfare, Holtzendorff had estimated that sinking 600,000 tons per month for five months would cripple Britain. Rampaging across the Atlantic, his submarines crossed the threshold in April when they sunk 860,334 tons. Desperately seeking to avert disaster, the British Admiralty tried a variety of approaches to stem the losses, including Q ships which were warships disguised as merchantmen. Though initially resisted by the Admiralty, a system of convoys was implemented in late April. The expansion of this system led to reduced losses as the year progressed. While not eliminated, convoys, the expansion of air operations, and mine barriers worked to mitigate the U-boat threat for the remainder of the war. The Battle of Arras On April 9, the commander of the British Expeditionary Force, Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig, opened the  offensive at Arras. Beginning a week earlier than Nivelles push to the south, it was hoped that Haigs attack would draw German troops away from the French front. Having conducted extensive planning and preparation, the British troops achieved great success on the first day of the offensive. Most notable was the swift capture of Vimy Ridge by General Julian Byngs Canadian Corps. Though advances were achieved, planned pauses in the attack hampered the exploitation of successful assaults. The next day, German reserves appeared on the battlefield and fighting intensified. By April 23, the battle had devolved into the type of attritional stalemate that had become typical of the Western Front. Under pressure to support Nivelles efforts, Haig pressed the offensive as casualties mounted. Finally, on May 23, the battle was brought to an end. Though Vimy Ridge had been taken, the strateg ic situation had not changed dramatically. The Nivelle Offensive To the south, the Germans faired better against Nivelle. Aware that an offensive was coming due to captured documents and loose French talk, the Germans had shifted additional reserves to the area behind the Chemin des Dames ridge in Aisne. In addition, they employed a system of flexible defense which removed the bulk of the defensive troops from the front lines. Having promised victory within forty-eight hours, Nivelle sent his men forward through rain and sleet on April 16. Pressing up the wooded ridge, his men were not able to keep up with the creeping barrage that was intended to protect them. Meeting increasingly heavy resistance, the advance slowed as heavy casualties were sustained. Advancing no more than 600 yards on the first day, the offensive soon became a bloody disaster (Map). By the end of the fifth day, 130,000 casualties (29,000 dead) had been sustained and Nivelle abandoned the attack having advanced around four miles on a sixteen-mile front. For his failure, he was relieved on April 29 and replaced by  General Philippe Pà ©tain. Discontent in the French Ranks In the wake of the failed Nivelle Offensive, a series of mutinies broke out in the French ranks. Though more along the lines of military strikes than traditional mutinies, the unrest manifested itself when fifty-four French divisions (nearly half the army) refused to the return to the front. In those divisions which were affected, there was no violence between the officers and men, simply unwillingness on the part of the rank and file to maintain the status quo. Demands from the mutineers generally were characterized by requests for more leave, better food, better treatment for their families, and a halt to offensive operations. Though known for his abrupt personality, Pà ©tain recognized the severity of the crisis and took a soft hand. Though unable to openly state that offensive operations would be halted, he implied that this would be the case. In addition, he promised more regular and frequent leave, as well as implementing a defense in depth system which required fewer troops in the front lines. While his officers worked to win back the mens obedience, efforts were made to round up the ringleaders. All told, 3,427 men were court-martialed for their roles in the mutinies with forty-nine executed for their crimes. Much to Pà ©tains fortune, the Germans never detected the crisis and remained quiet along the French front. By August, Pà ©tain felt confident enough to conduct minor offensive operations near Verdun, but much to the mens pleasure, no major French offensive occurred prior to July 1918. The British Carry the Load With French forces effectively incapacitated, the British were forced to bear the responsibility for keeping the pressure on the Germans. In the days after the Chemin des Dames debacle, Haig began seeking a way to relieve pressure on the French. He found his answer in plans that General Sir Herbert Plumer had been developing for capturing Messines Ridge near Ypres. Calling for extensive mining under the ridge, the plan was approved and Plumer opened the  Battle of Messines  on June 7. Following a preliminary bombardment, explosives in the mines were detonated vaporizing part of the German front. Swarming forward, Plumers men took the ridge and rapidly achieved the operations objectives. Repelling German counterattacks, British forces built new defensive lines to hold their gains. Concluding on June 14, Messines was one of the few clear-cut victories achieved by either side on the Western Front (Map). The Third Battle of Ypres (Battle of Passchendaele) With the success at Messines, Haig sought to revive his plan for an offensive through the center of the Ypres salient. Intended to first capture the village of Passchendaele,  the offensive  was to break through the German lines and clear them from the coast. In planning the operation, Haig was opposed Prime Minister David Lloyd George who increasingly wished to husband British resources and await the arrival of large numbers of American troops before launching any major offensives on the Western Front. With the support of Georges principal military advisor, General Sir William Robertson, Haig was finally able to secure approval. Opening the battle on July 31, British troops attempted to secure the Gheluvelt Plateau. Subsequent attacks were mounted against Pilckem Ridge and Langemarck. The battlefield, which was largely reclaimed land, soon degenerated into a vast sea of mud as seasonal rains moved through the area. Though the advance was slow, new bite and hold tactics allowed the British to gain ground. These called for short advances supported by massive amounts of artillery. Employment of these tactics secured objectives such as the Menin Road, Polygon Wood, and Broodseinde. Pressing on despite heavy losses and criticism from London, Haig secured Passchendaele on November 6. Fighting subsided four days later (Map). The Third Battle of Ypres became a symbol of the conflicts grinding, attritional warfare and many have debated the need for the offensive. In the fighting, the British had made a maximum effort, sustained over 240,000 casualties, and failed to breach the German defenses. While these losses coul d not be replaced, the Germans had forces in the East to make good their losses. The Battle of Cambrai With the fighting for Passchendaele devolving into a bloody stalemate, Haig approved a plan presented by General Sir Julian Byng for a  combined attack against Cambrai  by the Third Army and the Tank Corps. A new weapon, tanks have not previously been massed in large numbers for an assault. Utilizing a new artillery scheme, Third Army achieved surprise over the Germans on November 20 and made quick gains. Though achieving their initial objectives, Byngs men had difficulty exploiting the success as reinforcements had trouble reaching the front. By the next day, German reserves began arriving and fighting intensified. British troops fought a bitter battle to take control of Bourlon Ridge and by November 28 began digging in to defend their gains. Two days later, German troops, utilizing stormtrooper infiltration tactics, launched a massive counterattack. While the British fought hard to defend the ridge in the north, the Germans made gains in the south. When the fighting ended on De cember 6, the battle had become a draw with each side gaining and losing about the same amount of territory. The fighting at Cambrai effectively brought operations on the Western Front to a close for the winter (Map). In Italy To the south in Italy, the forces of General Luigi Cadorna continued attacks in the Isonzo Valley. Fought in May-June 1917, the Tenth Battle of the Isonzo and gained little ground. Not to be dissuaded, he opened the Eleventh Battle on August 19. Focusing on the Bainsizza Plateau, Italian forces made some gains but could not dislodge the Austro-Hungarian defenders. Suffering 160,000 casualties, the battle badly depleted Austrian forces on the Italian front (Map). Seeking help, Emperor Karl sought reinforcements from Germany. These were forthcoming and soon a total of thirty-five divisions opposed Cadorna. Through years of fighting, the Italians had taken much of the valley, but the Austrians still held two bridgeheads across the river. Utilizing these crossings, German General Otto von Below attacked on October 24, with his troops employing stormtrooper tactics and poison gas. Known as the  Battle of Caporetto, von Belows forces broke into the rear of the Italian Second Army and cau sed Cadornas entire position to collapse. Forced into headlong retreat, the Italians attempted to make a stand at the Tagliamento River but were forced back when the Germans bridged it on November 2. Continuing the retreat, the Italians finally halted behind the Piave River. In achieving his victory, von Below advanced eighty miles and had taken 275,000 prisoners. Revolution in Russia The beginning of 1917 saw troops in the Russian ranks expressing many of the same complaints offered by the French later that year. In the rear, the Russian economy had reached a full war footing, but the boom that resulted brought about rapid inflation and led to the break down of the economy and infrastructure. As food supplies in Petrograd dwindled, unrest increased leading to mass demonstrations and a revolt by the Tsars Guards. At his headquarters in Mogilev, Tsar Nicholas II was initially unconcerned by events in the capital. Beginning on March 8, the February Revolution (Russia still used the Julian calendar) saw the rise of a Provisional Government in Petrograd. Ultimately convinced to abdicate, he stepped down on March 15 and nominated his brother Grand Duke Michael to succeed him. This offer was refused and the Provisional Government took power. Willing to continue the war, this government, in conjunction with the local Soviets, soon appointed Alexander Kerensky Minister of War. Naming General Aleksei Brusilov Chief of Staff, Kerensky worked to restore the spirit of the army. On June 18, the Kerensky Offensive began with Russian troops striking the Austrians with the goal of reaching Lemberg. For the first two days, the Russians advanced before the lead units, believing they had done their part, halted. Reserve units refused to move forward to take their place and mass desertions began (Map). As the Provisional Government faltered at the front, it came under attack from the rear from returning extremists such as Vladimir Lenin. Aided by the Germans, Lenin had arrived back in Russia on April 3. Lenin immediately began speaking at Bolshevik meetings and preaching a program of non-cooperation with the Provisional Government, nationalization, and an end to the war. As the Russian army began to melt away at the front, the Germans took advantage and conducted offensive operations in the north which culminated in the capture of Riga. Becoming prime minister in July, Kerensky sacked Brusilov and replaced him with anti-German General Lavr Kornilov. On August 25, Kornilov ordered troops to occupy Petrograd and disperse the Soviet. Calling for military reforms, including the abolition of Soldiers Soviets and political regiments, Kornilov grew in popularity with Russian moderates. Ultimately maneuvered into attempting a coup, he was removed after its failure. With Kornilovs defeat, Kerensky and the Provisional Government effectively lost their power as Lenin and the Bolsheviks were in the ascent. On November 7, the October Revolution began which saw the Bolsheviks seize power. Taking control, Lenin formed a new government and immediately called for a three-month armistice. Peace in the East Initially wary of dealing with the revolutionaries, the Germans and Austrians finally agreed to meet with Lenins representatives in December. Opening peace negotiations at Brest-Litovsk, the Germans demanded independence for Poland and Lithuania, while the Bolsheviks wished for peace without annexations or indemnities. Though in a weak position, the Bolsheviks continued to stall. Frustrated, the Germans announced in February that they would suspend the armistice unless their terms were accepted and take as much of Russia as they desired. On February 18, German forces began advancing. Meeting no resistance, they seized much of the Baltic countries, Ukraine, and Belarus. Panic-struck, Bolshevik leaders ordered their delegation to accept Germanys terms immediately. While the  Treaty of Brest-Litovsk  took Russia out of the war, it cost the nation 290,000 square miles of territory, as well as a quarter of its population and industrial resources.

Improv Show Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Improv Show - Essay Example As for the demographics of the audience, it may be necessary to state there were mainly people in their twenties and thirties. People of all ethnic backgrounds were present, but the audience was mostly white. Everyone seemed to be aware of the modern culture; so, the people were quite young. Speaking of my seat, I would like to not that it was located in close proximity to the action. Of course, I was not able to get the front row, but I was sitting close the aisle; so, I had a better view of the scene. It must be noted that the space of the HUGE theatre is contrary to its name, meaning it is not very big; that is why any person could have said that he or she was sitting close to the action. Just like many people around me I did not dress up. I did understand that I was going to attend a theatre, but neither I nor my companion had a thought of dressing up. I believe that improvisation theatre is the next generation of this art and one of the peculiarities of it lies in the fact that dressing up in not required. Keeping this in mind, one should also spare some words about parking. Most of the people shared cars; so, there were not many vehicles in the parking lot. In addition to that, there were no expensive cars: people of the same socioeconomic class attended the concert so there was not need to show off. So, it may be rather advantageous to mention there was some music before the show. It was ambient and was not very loud. However, it set the distinct spirit of optimist for the audience. People were moving around and the music was playing; so, everyone waited for the show to start. I believe that this affected by experience of the show quite a low since it contributed to the formation of the good mood and I could appreciate the performance that I was about to see. Of course the latter would have been enjoyable without

How does each sculpture convey the idea of love which one do you Essay

How does each sculpture convey the idea of love which one do you believe conveys this idea more effectively Why - Essay Example Indiana’s sculpture is placed in the open space, whereas Rodin’s sculpture is displayed in the Musà ©e Rodin, which means Rodin Museum. The Kiss is one of Rodin’s greatest works. The sculptor is famed for other great works with the most popular being the Thinker. One of the key aspects of Rodin’s work is his focus on human behavior. For instance, the thinker represents an individual who is thinking deeply, whereas the Kiss represents a couple that is kissing. Rodin’s work, The Kiss, portrays one form of love, which is romance or spousal love (Elsen 78). However, it ignores all other forms of love, such as friendship, parental love and godly or spiritual love. The Kiss, however, is a sculpture that directly hints love to the audience. In fact, when people view the sculpture, they are more likely to think in the terms of love as opposed to that of sex. As such, the sculpture also represents love articulately. On the contrary, Indiana’s sculpture, Love, is rather different. For most people, the sculpture is just a collection of letters that form the word Love. As such, its representation of love can only be viewed in terms of its spelling. Regardless, the sculpture addresses a general form of love, which are placed on a street, in New York City. Arguably, the chanting of the letter O is used as a strategy to account for the negative space that would be left had the sculptor placed it in the original space. Although the sculpture is a representative of a general love, it lacks the physical representation. The Kiss represents a form of love, or just a basic concept of love, as previously described. However, the sculpture is so well shaped, almost perfect in texture, depicting genuine in love. Regardless, the sculpture hints love at the sight of it. Limiting the concept of love to a mere marital standing point is one of the major flaws made by the author. On the contrary, Indiana’s vague representation of love conveys the idea of love better. Its

Jews and Jonah S Ministry Essay Example for Free

Jews and Jonah S Ministry Essay Jews Without Money is based on its author’s own childhood, Michael Gold. It re-creates the Jewish immigrant Lower East Side in Manhattan in which he lived, and it provides insight into the life of first- and second-generation Jewish Americans around the turn of the twentieth century. Gold does a wonderful job at putting the reader right in the middle of the sights, smells and sounds of people who may be materially poor, but very rich emotionally. The book paints for the most part a bleak picture of Jewish immigrant life in America, a picture that will remain bleak, the book’s ending implies, until the workers’ revolution occurs. In this paper I will discuss few issues that come up in the book and in the documents that we have read over the past month, along with a brief summary of the book as well. As the central character and narrator, Mike grows and learns more and more about the struggles that his parents and their neighbors undergo to earn a living. Mike’s father had been a housepainter, but he is disabled by a fall and by lead poisoning. At one point in the book, Mike finds him trying to earn money selling half-rotten bananas. We find out Mike’s mother is the central figure in the family. She supports them by working in a cafeteria and cleaning various apartments. After and before work, she takes care of her ill husband and children. On a terribly snowy winter day, Mike’s younger sister, Esther, goes out into the streets to collect wood for the stove where she is run over by a truck and dies. A lawyer comes to their home and says that if the mother and father sign a paper, he will get them a thousand dollars from Adams Express, the company that operated the truck. Herman wants to sign the lawyer’s paper, but Katie throws him out of the house. It is, she says, â€Å"blood money. † Repeatedly, Mike learns how terrible life is for people in America without money, especially Jews. They need to cope not only with poverty but also with anti-Semitism. When Mike uses a dirty word in school, his teacher washes out his mouth with soap, as well keeps calling him â€Å"Little Kike. † Herman and Katie are furious because the soap the teacher uses was not kosher. When a politician sends them a Thanksgiving meal, Katie asks Mike to tell her the story of Thanksgiving. After he narrates the tale of the Pilgrims, his mother decides that Thanksgiving is â€Å"an American holiday . . . and not for Jews. † The family cannot even eat the beautiful, fat turkey because it is not kosher. When Herman seems to be doing well in the housepainting business and thinks he will begin to earn more money, he falls from a ladder and cannot work. After Esther dies, the mother also is unable to work. When the family is nearly starving, a man from the United Charities visits them and asks all kinds of personal questions, including whether Herman beats Katie. Herman throws the man out of the house. Mike concludes that â€Å"starvation was kinder† than organized charity. Mike keeps hearing from those around him that the Messiah will come and lead the Jews to the Promised Land. He asks his neighbor, Reb Samuel, a very religious man, about the Messiah. Reb Samuel, who teaches Mike about Judaism, describes a â€Å"pale, young and peaceful† Messiah, but Mike prefers one who looks like Buffalo Bill and â€Å"could annihilate our enemies. † At age twelve, Mike quits school to go to work. He finds a variety of unpleasant, sometimes hellish jobs and discovers anti-Semitism in employment. Even some businesses owned by Jews, he discovers, refuse to hire Jews. One night, he hears a man on a soapbox declare that a world movement is coming to end poverty. Listening to him, Mike learns about the workers’ revolution, which he calls â€Å"the true Messiah. † The revolution, he says, forced him to think, struggle, and live. The book then ends with the words, â€Å"O great Beginning! † One of the first documents we read was â€Å"The Constitution of the United States of America (1789)†. The title of this document is almost self explanatory. We all know how this country was formed and how specific the founding fathers were. Article VI states†¦freedom of religion as a basic law of the land. It goes on to say no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States (p. 457). In the book we do see religious freedom however we do see discrimination of it because it is a different religion then the majority. This is truly unfair and the author makes it clear. If the law states and accepts religious freedom why is it so hard to accept others differences and for them to come up in the society? They struggled a lot but in the end they over came the obstacle course. With the law on their back, they are able to practice their religious views and make a difference in America. This story really makes you appreciate the issues that these poor Jewish immigrants faced and confirms that the American Dream certainly is possible as we have the luxury today in 2010 to evaluate the situations of many of these characters descendants. These people worked hard and helped each other and therefore made better lives for their future generations. The most admirable character in the book is Katie. She shows kindness to all, even the prostitutes who live near their apartment. When she works in the cafeteria, the other workers come to her with their problems. She remains gentle and concerned with doing the right thing, even though life for her is a constant round of work. The one time Mike sees her truly happy is when the family goes to Bronx Park and Katie takes the children to gather mushrooms in the woods. She accepts hardship and tragedy with dignity and grace. Only the death of her daughter Esther is too much for her. After Esther dies, Katie is defeated. As I think back about Katie there was one document that connected with me. Julia Richman wrote Women Wage-Workers, and as I re-read the document, images of Katie’s hard work reappeared. In this document, the role of women in society surfaces and takes stand. â€Å"General advance in the education of women, the desire to give children greater educational advantages then the parents enjoyed, the financial value of women’s work, the frequent necessity for women to contribute to the support of families† are just a few things that the article touches up on but they all hit on what kind of character Katie is. The Galveston Movement was a program operated between 1907 and 1914 to divert Jews fleeing Russia and Eastern Europe away from crowded East Coast cities. Ten thousand Jewish immigrants passed through Galveston during this era New York financier and philanthropist Jacob Schiff was the driving force behind the effort, which Schiff supported with nearly $500,000 of his personal funds. Bnai Israels Rabbi Henry Cohen was the humanitarian face of the movement, meeting ships at the Galveston docks and helping guide the immigrants through the cumbersome arrival and distribution process. I found this document very interesting in a way that this was good and a bad idea at the same time. A major theme of the book is the unfairness of the American capitalist system that leads people to dream of financial success but prevents them from achieving it. The hard-heartedness of the capitalist system is best symbolized by the Adams Express truck that kills Esther and the lawyer who tries to make money from her death. The only character who is really happy in America is Harry the Pimp. The honest workers, however, â€Å"eat the bread of sorrow and shame in America. † With so many Jewish immigrants in one place it’s a good start for all of them to achieve something in their lives but at the same time with so much diversity around them discrimination will be extremely high. By diverting people to the southern state they will struggle to adopted but at the same time the opportunities for success are greater then in the over-crowded cities. Also to relate the unfair American capitalist system the document, by Issac Rubinow, The Economic Condition of the Russian Jew in New York City, paints us a high-definition picture of the profession that the Jews take up in the city. Even though the professions of teaching and medicine was high within still the â€Å"Russian Jews are on a much lower economic level, they belong to the â€Å"masses† then â€Å"classes†. With so many Russian Jews in the city the facts cannot be denied and the percent of professional jobs is indeed much smaller then the industrial wage-workers. One of my documents that stuck to me the most and make think about the main character of the book was A Reply to the Hebrew Congregation of Newport by George Washington. He accepts their welcoming letter and says how the citizens of this great nation accept other religious views. â€Å"The citizens of United States of American have right to applaud them themselves for having given mankind examples of an enlarged and liberal policy, a policy worthy of imitation†. As this thought processed in my mind, something changed in our society in the start of the 20th century. The characters in Jews Without Money contribute to the growth of Mike. He runs wild in the slums of the Lower East Side, playing with his â€Å"Gang of Little Yids. † He describes the bums, horse drivers, prostitutes, and workers who live in his neighborhood. His father becomes a figure of despair. For Herman, nothing goes right. All of his get-rich-quick schemes go awry. Cruelly conscious of the need for money in America, he bitterly rejects the New World in which he suffers so much, at one point uttering, â€Å"A curse on Columbus! A curse on America, the thief! †. This stuck in my mind for a long time as I tried to figure it out. When this nation was found, it was created based on equality for everyone but something went wrong. According to Mike and the people around him there is no feeling of acceptance, equality. He lost faith in this nation that was going to change his life for the better. All the positives that have happened for the citizens of American didn’t do anything for him and his family. His father not being able to work and constantly ill, the death of his sister, hard working mother and all the other bad things around him, nothing good can happen to him. Mike sees hypocrisy in many, especially in the fat Chassidic rabbi imported from Europe at great cost to his relatively poor congregation. When the Chassids celebrate the coming of the rabbi, Mike sees the rabbi stuffing himself and thinks the rabbi will eat all the food at the celebration before the children get a chance to eat anything. He mentions that possibility to Reb Samuel, who sends Mike home without having eaten any of the feast; but, Mike says, Reb Samuel should have listened to the wisdom of the little child. After a while, the rabbi accepts a better paying job at a wealthy congregation. Mike cannot understand America and the effect it has on people because to him it hasn’t brought happiness as it did to other Jews. Jews Without Money is an example of the proletarian novel, the novel by a member of the working class and about members of the working class. In this kind of novel, truth is supposed to be more important than art. It is also a sensitive treatment of the life of a child in an immigrant neighborhood and I can relate to that as an immigrant of the 21st century. Some issues never go away but you can learn how to deal with them and hopefully learn what is better and incorporate the positives in your life. Over the entire book brings out many issues that we see keep re-occurring to this day. They might never go away but we can be aware and act different on them. After reading the book there was one quote that summed up many issues of the book and documents bring up; â€Å"Every persecuted race becomes a race of fanatics†Ã'Ž

The Night Of The Hunter: The Preacher Essay -- essays research papers

The Night of the Hunter: The Preacher   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When describing the preacher, John says, â€Å"His name is Harry Powell. But the names of his fingers are E and V and O and L and E and T and A and H and that story he tells about one hand being Hate and the other hand being Love is a lie because they are both hate and to watch them moving scares me worse than shadows, worse than the wind.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This description shows the absolute essence of the preacher's character in Davis Grubb's The Night of the Hunter. The preacher's real intentions are the hate of the left hand, and he rationalizes his evil through the false facade of the love of the right hand. Even though he may appear good and holy to some people, throughout the novel, he still has evil motives towards virtually everyone.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In one of the preacher's dreams while he is in prison, he recalls an incident in which he rationalized an evil act by claiming it was God's will. After being solicited by a prostitute in Charleston, West Virginia, with the intention of killing her because of her â€Å"unholy† vocation, he takes her up to a room to murder her. Just as he is about to whip out the switchblade and fulfill his holy mission, he suddenly hears â€Å"God's† voice telling him not to bother because â€Å"there were too many of them.† At the moment when this revelation takes place, the woman of the night sees the preacher in the midst of taking out the knife, and she screa...

Product Development Essay

Introduction    Ready made garments industry never records loss in spite of the fact that there are many international brands in suiting and shirtings viz., Peter England, Van Heusen and such as these ready made shirts even though are priced high, consumers look no further for purchase for that is the quality of these brands. World market for ready made garments is ever increasing and with this strong fact, new product development in the area of ready made garment sector viz., Mad T-shirts, sweat shirts, casual wear can be very well launched considering the market research, consumer mindset and competitors pricing strategy.   Firstly the target market whether focusing young boys/girls, children or office goers or elders. In case the target market is wide pricing should be reasonably proportionate, with the fact that launching should not scare the consumers with high prices as the sales may not be on the high range. In order to first increase the sales, price should be affordable for middle-class, upper-middle-class and even lower-middle class consumers.   Marketing plan should be initially offering a free article viz., buy one get one free,   buy three shirts with a discount or a free detergent sachet for wash, such as these would interest the consumer as ready made garments save lot of time for consumer that is lost in visiting tailor for getting the clothes stitched. Further ready made garments are very comfortable for consumers especially for those who travel, busy working people and for those who regularly work on shifts in industrial areas.   Consumer market for T-shirts is extensive all over the world and it is a huge business that is ever green all through the year.   New patterns, designs, color combinations are wide welcome by consumers all over the world irrespective of culture, traditions and life styles. In these globalised times, corporate sector is promoting T-shirts for its employees as a code of dress in order to maintain uniformity among employees.   T-shirts would carry the logo and name of employee.   Other companies issue T-shirts as corporate gifts to employees.   Innovative ideas such as the above are useful for garment making companies. An approximate price for a T-shirt   could be $3-$5 in the initial stage at the time of launching into the market keeping the prices of competitors in view and other market conditions.   Promotion of sale could be either through direct sale to wholesale and retail sale or through shopping malls.   Appointment of marketing executives to visit corporate companies as a promotion sale would also yield good results for the company.   However, one good business concept about the quality of T-shirt is the most important fact that company has to keep in view in order to keep the reputation of the company. Tommy Hilfiger, Crocodile, Puma, Nike, Reebok, Lacoste, Wrangler, are some of the branded T-shirt making companies which have earned reputation for its extreme good quality which is liked by consumers all over the world.   No brand is a big brand until it reaches to a stage of international brand which is why new product development has to be extremely professional and planned. Conclusion New product development plan has to be implemented step-by-step with perfect working and with accurate measure of SWOT analysis.   A clear forecast of unforeseen hurdles in new launch of T-shirts has to be worked out prior to its launch which would help in prevention of risks in business.   Ready made garment sector is a profit oriented business with a huge potential for growth in business with fashion designing and textile designing with CAD and with well developed computer software especially designing ready made garments.

Driving License Essay

The childhood is the stage when all our fantasies start to grow. That was the stage when a fantasy about motor bike grew up into my mind and I got interested in driving bike. As my fantasy supported me I started to fulfill my interest and started to learn driving. At that time my uncle who was experienced in this line; he started to teach me driving. After a few months my fantasies boosted up because I was learning a bit how to drive. After learning driving for about two years, my parents came to know the matter and thought that I was in a stage to have a driving license, since they heard that I was harassed in the roads many times by the police for not having a driving license while driving. As a result, my parents gave me the permission to have a driving license. So, I found out that there is an association responsible to delivering the driver’s license in Bangladesh, which is the Bangladesh Roads and Transport Association (BRTA). I went there to get the license, but later o n I came to know that there are many problems which I have to face while getting the driving license. I took it as a challenge to overcome those problems and get the license in a legal way; since I was able to become a good driver within that time. The other point that made me interest to take this topic was the sudden death of two of my closest friend in the road accident, which was as a shock in my life. Why only the accident of my two friends, there were 3,917 highway accidents in the year 2012 (â€Å"Ensure safety†). Many people argued that the road accidents occur because of the bad condition of the road, but most of the highways in Bangladesh are now treated as of standard quality highways. There are also some other people arguing that the road accidents occurs because of the unfit vehicles running on the road; but still a majority portion of the people agrees with me that most of the road accidents occur because of the inexperienced driver’s. Then a question came up in my mind that â€Å"Why are the drivers inexperienced?† I was able to solve  this question and came up with the answer that since the driver’s are getting the license in an illegal way, so they are becoming inexperienced and be coming the cause of the accidents. Later on another question came up in my mind, â€Å"Why the driver’s are getting the license in an illegal way, since there is a way to get the license in a legal way?† It was tough for me to solve this question, but when I went to BRTA to get my own driving license I found out that every person who goes there are harassed a lot, only if they wants to get the license in a legal way. Still, if someone wants to get the driving license in a legal way then he is forced to give bribes during the procedure. Then, my interest grew to find out the hazardous experience of the people while getting the driving license. We all know that bribe plays a vital role in the Bangladesh society. So, it makes two ways to get the license; legal way and illegal way. In the legal way one has to pass the test required to get the license. There are mainly one written test and three practical tests. If someone even passes the test successfully, the officials over there will not make them pass until they get the money. During the process, if someone denies giving bribe, he will have to wait for at least 6 months to get the license. But, in the illegal way, just give the bribe and sit back in your home, the brokers will process the license and will give it after 3 months. The rate that they have fixed to get the license in an illegal way is Tk. 5,000/= per license. Sometimes we will find many people around us, who are not ready to pay any illegal fees. So, first they prepare themselves to get the license in the legal way. But, after passing the written test when they go to give the practical test and sees that every thing is on the examiners hand, they gets scarred. Most of the time if someone passes the exam but refuses to give the minimum amount of money, then the examiner harasses the person and in a sense force him to fail. Then, those people who went there in an intention to get the license in a legal way loose their faith on them and agree to get the license in an illegal way. Background â€Å"Bangladesh Road Transport Authority (BRTA) is the only association in Bangladesh who is responsible for the promotion of road safety and traffic regulations, by delivering the license of the drivers and also by registering the vehicles in Bangladesh. BRTA was first institutionalized in 1987 and started its function from January 1988. BRTA is the regulatory body for the control and management of the road transport system and road safety related activities of the Republic of Bangladesh. BRTA maintains its function with total manpower of 291 through the head office in Dhaka, 19 circle and 20 zonal Offices spread all over the country† (Brta). All the zonal offices can deliver driving license, but to get the license one have to pass one written test, one oral test and three practical tests. First of all one have to fill a form, requesting for getting a driving license, giving the adequate information about him, regarding his name, father’s name, age, sex, address, blood group, etc. After submitting the form one would get the â€Å"Learner’s License†. It will cost one Tk. 750. Actually getting the learner’s license means that one has got the permission to learn the driving. After getting the learner’s license one would get 3 months of duration to prepare himself. According to that date and time mentioned in the Learner’s License, one has to go and attend the written and oral test. The written and oral tests don’t take place except Thursday. The result will be published on that day and after that they will give a seal in the learner’s license and also provide the date and time of the practical exams. The entire practical exam will be held on one single day. The first practical exam is known as the â€Å"Zig-Zag† test. The model is given below: In this test one have to go with his car from A side to B side and again come back with his car in the reverse gear from side B to side A, without moving or touching the flags that will be there at each points of the line. The width on the two lines will be 1.5 times the wide of the car. If someone touches the flags, he will fail the exam. In that case, he have to resubmit the fees and appear the test again after getting the date and time approved by the BRTA. The second test in known as the â€Å"Ramp† test. The model is given below: In this test, one has to go driving the car on the slope. The examiner will be sitting beside him. While going up the slope the examiner will tell him to stop the car and the person have to stop the car at the slope. The examiner will again tell the person go to up the slope without letting the car go back. This is the hardest part of getting the license. Most of the people fail in this stage because while moving the car front, the car’s weight forces the car to go down the slope. Since, many people fail in this test, so the examiner tries to take the advantage of the bribe over here. The examiner tells that if he gets money, then he will make the person pass, or else he will fail him. The third test is called the â€Å"Road Test†. During this test the examiner will be sitting beside the person and will be told to drive the car in the busy roads. This test is mainly taken to check whether the person knows the rules and regulation of the traffic system and also to drive safely. The examiner might say suddenly to park the car in the no parking zone. If one stops the car there that means that he doesn’t knows the rules and regulation and thus, he is going to fail in the exam. If one passes the entire exam then only he is capable of getting the driving license in a legal way. But, the present situation of the BRTA supports that; one must have to give bribe to pass the exams. Many people think that just passing those exams doesn’t makes one an experienced driver. In that case, they concluded that knowing the driving is the main thing, it doesn’t matter that whether you got the license in a legal or illegal way. But, a majority of the people says that, if someone knows how to drive well then he will also be able to pass the exams of BRTA without giving the bribe and thus can get a license in a legal way. Hypothesis Since, the driving license is being delivered by a Government institution people are to follow a lot of procedures in getting the driving license.  From my research, I expect to find that the corruption in delivering license illegally and problems are faced by the driving license owners. I will try to find out the reasons why car owner’s doesn’t want to hire a driver who has an illegal license. I think that a person who is well-educated knows that there are many problems that the other drivers have to face if he hires that drivers, this is the most important reason why they don’t want to hire illegal license owner. From my opinion our license delivering system should be stricter. Limitations of the Study: There are some limitations of my research paper. They are pointed out below: In my survey, I was unable to target those students who don’t have a driving license, because if they don’t have a driving license, how they are going to have an experience in getting the driving license. I had to stay between the age boundaries of 19-22. As my research topic states, my target group is the NSU students and most of them are from the age of 19-22. The major limitation of my research is that I was able to target especially those who had the driving license to drive the private cars only. The driving license is delivered actually for three categories of vehicles- light, medium and heavy. One who has got the license for the first (light) category will be able to apply for the second category (medium) after three years. To get the license of the heavy category one has to get another three years experience of driving the medium vehicles (Hossain). Since, my age boundary is from 19-22. So, most of them have the license of the light category, which gives them the permission to drive only the private cars. I am not able to get any information from the officials of the BRTA, because they aren’t ready to talk with me about their situation, which is also another major limitation of my research paper. I think that they could have unveiled a lot of information, which could be of great use in my research paper. The last and also the most important limitations of my research paper is the time factor and the present situation of our country. I am not getting enough time to do my research thoroughly on this topic. Research I have used the BRTA’s website; some posted articles in the Internet and the newspaper as my secondary sources, which were being used throughout the paper.  For my primary research I have prepared a questionnaire and also have interviewed two people how have got bad experience in getting the driving license. The first person whom I interviewed is a regular student of NSU and the other person is a professional driver. Their interview helped me a lot in my research paper. The questionnaire that I have prepared consists of 13 questions. I have given 40 people to fill up my questionnaire. From Figure 1, we can see that 8 of them, which make 32% of my sample size, claimed that they have owned the license in a legal way. From the rest of the students, 13 (52%) of them said that they got the driving license in an illegal way and the rest 4 (16%) claimed that they have got the driving license through a driving school. But still, one student who have got the license through a driving school, said that he have passed all the exams of the BRTA to get the license, but for the rest three people, who are all female, said that they have got the driving license without appearing the tests. They made an agreement with the driving school, which states that after they have learned how to drive, the driving school will be responsible to deliver them the driving license and in exchange they will be giving a certain amount of money. So, after that I can see that only one person from the driving school have got the license in a legal way. From the rest of my sample, only 8 (32%) of them ; who got the driving license in a legal way, have said that they have appeared and passed all the exams, without considering the case that they have failed in the exam and passed it again by giving bribe. Actually the people; especially the brokers, won’t let one pass the exam without giving the bribe. So, in a way those people who have been learning to drive for last 6 months and want to get the license in a legal way are forced to give bribe. From Figure 2, we can see that 6 (67%) of the NSU students; who have got the license in a legal way, agreed with this statement, and told that they have been forced during the exams to give bribe, since everything is on the examiners hand, if he likes to pass one, he will make him pass, but if he wants to fail one, then that person will be harassed a lot until he fails. But, still 3 of the students were luck enough to contradict with me and claimed themselves to pass all the exams without giving the bribes. They also stated that they weren’t even forced during the exams to give bribes. The students who have got the license in an illegal way is not considered in this case because at the beginning when they decided to get the license, they took the illegal way to get the license, so they have given the bribe in the beginning and they don’t need to or forced to give the bribe again during the exams. Since, the students have faced a bit of the hazardous experience, so I asked them again whether that was the ending of the harassment process or not. But, many of them answered no and said that getting the license was the starting of a new harassment process. They were then caught by the police and harassed without any reason. In most of the times police claimed that the licenses are illegal. Then the students have to come out from there by giving bribe, it doesn’t matter that whether you really got the license in a legal or illegal way. In some exceptional case I have found out that the police also said that the picture that they have in the driving license doesn’t matches with the students. I was really shocked to hear that how the police can claim those type of fake reasons to harass a people. I also came to know that a student was saying that he was in a hurry, because his mother was admitted in the hospital, but still the police didn’t tried to hear that and filed a case against him, fining him for driving faster. After all the claims that the police stated, I asked them â€Å"What do you think about BRTA?† One can’t imagine about the response that I have got from this answer. I gave them five options. Within those the first option that I gave them was â€Å"They are all corrupted†. After, reading this option, most of them didn’t go to read the other options. From the figure 3, it is clearly stated that 20 of the students; which means 80%, thinks that BRTA is corrupted and  we can’t do anything about it except going with the system. Within those 13 students, 7 of the students have faced the problems face to face by getting the license in a legal way and 13 of them knew earlier that BRTA is corrupted, so they have got the license in an illegal way. The other 2 of the students told that the existing system should be developed, which means that BRTA should not be privatized, since the corruption level hasn’t gone beyond the limit. But, the rest 3 of the student’s answer was quiet interesting; they all have got the license in an illegal, and think that BRTA’s corruption level has gone beyond our limit and that is the reason it should be privatized. None of the students told that the system is all right and they are operating in the way they should operate, which is quiet interesting. Summary of Findings From my primary research I was able to find out that the harassment process of getting the driving license doesn’t ends also after getting the driving license. The exam pattern is set in a way that will make the people harass. Most of them who have seen the exam pattern with their own eyes think that the existing exam pattern should be updated a bit, because it is designed in a way that will force the people to give bribe. One by knowing the BRTA’s license delivering system doesn’t likes to get the license in a legal way, because they know that they have to give the bribe by hook or by crook. So, most of them are targeting to get the license in an illegal way. It was found out that 80% of the driving license delivered by the BRTA is forged. (Hossain). So, it is clear that because of the harassment that the BRTA does to the people, many people try to get the license in an illegal way. That is also the reason why most of the people think that BRTA is corrupted. In a recent newspaper article is was being posted that because of the corruption level in BRTA, every year Bangladesh Government is loosing 100 crore taka, which also can be the reason why people and I personally think that BRTA should be privatized (Mehedi). Suggestions Regarding all the problems that BRTA has, I think that there is a scope for the government to play role. Government should implement new rules and establish a new driving license delivering exams, which will be able to solve the harassment problem of the normal people a bit. Those policies obviously should not be designed in such a way that there will be scope to get or give bribe. It should be designed in a way that will examine those people who are getting the license are eligible and also quiet well qualified to get the license. Thus, it will obviously help to decrease the road accidents in Bangladesh. Every time we can see that the Government is coming up with new laws and policies, but they are not implemented in a nice way. If that happens, it is better to privatize the BRTA, without updating the existing system. Now days, we are also able to find out that many female are driving their own cars. It becomes more hazardous for them to get the license in a legal way. So, they are going to the driving schools to learn driving. In my survey, I have find out that almost all the female have got their driving license through the driving school and also in an illegal way. The driving learning school should also be developed, because they are the ones responsible for teaching the people to drive well. If they gets corrupted and gives the driving license to those peoples who doesn’t deserves it then the problem will be huge. Conclusion For us, those who have the adequate amount of money, getting the driving license is not a matter of fact for them and thus they may also disagree that getting the driving license is a harassment process. But, consider about those people who think thousand times before spending Tk. 100. For a professional driver, it really becomes hard for the first time to get the driving license. After doing this research I was really satisfied a bit that I was able to fulfill a bit of my childhood interest and also able to find out a valid  reason for my friends death. But still, I personally think that there should be another research done on the unfit vehicles running on the road, which can also be held responsible for the increase in the road accidents in our country. Works Cited Brta. Home page. 01 Jan. 2004. 30 July 2005 . â€Å"Ensure Safety basic rights of the People.† Nation. Ittefaq.com 11 June 2005. 01 July 2005 . Hossain, Moazzem. â€Å"Roads, Highways turn into Virtual Death Trap.† Newagebd.com 21 May 2005. 01 July 2005 < http://www.newagebd.com/2005/may/21/front.html>. Islam, Nurul. Telephone interview. 20 July 2005. Karim, Raihan Bin. Telephone interview. 20 July 2005. Mehedi, Rashed. â€Å"Corruption in BRTA, Government loosing 100 crore taka every year.† Daily Janokhantho 24 July 2005: 1.

Hitler was a weak dictator Essays

Hitler was a weak dictator Essays Hitler was a weak dictator Essay Hitler was a weak dictator Essay Hitler was always seen as a very strong dictator but he did have several weaknesses as a leader. For instance it was widely known that Hitler was lazy and spent much of the day sleeping and eating. Historical sources inform us that he wasnt very interested in policy discussions. Frequently far away from Berlin, spent a lot of time in his villa, the Berghof. Hitler also encouraged others to make decisions on his behalf by letting them interpret his original details. On some occasions it was fair to go as far as saying that Hitler was unwilling to make decisions. Mommsen said; Hitler was unwilling to take decisions, frequently uncertain, exclusively concerned with upholding his prestige and personal authority, influenced in the strongest fashion by his current followers, in some respects a weak dictator. Hitlers style of control is known as polycratic meaning that there were many different bodies. If a problem emerged, then Hitler would often just set up a new body. Also, Hitler may have made some long standing Nazis a bit disappointed since they thought that he would simply promote them to high ranking positions such as civil servants. However, Hitler often kept the old Weimar civil servants. Hitler saw loyalty in personal not institutional terms; this is why he did not mind the leading Nazis such as Goering or Goebbels building up their own personal power because he always thought inevitably they would always be loyal to him. He like the quarrels they had amongst themselves because Hitler was a strong believer in survival of the fittest. Also many people would argue that the method of control could be described as chaotic. This can be interpreted as showing Hitler as a weak dictator because there was a major overlapping of bodies which meant that it was very unclear who had the responsibility of making certain sectors work. The confusion seemed to be caused by the nature of Hitlers leadership, i. e. everyone relying on the leader. The fact that there wasnt a real power structure made things a lot less efficient. My final words on the subject of Hitlers weaknesses are as follows: Many of Hitlers ideas were not very rational. He was an opportunist who wanted to constantly increase his own personal power. Hitler did not have much effective opposition in the Third Reich; he was cautious of all his possible opponents but was not completely able to dictate proceedings. All the confusion simply arose from the nature of Hitlers leadership and was certainly not deliberate policy. Also completely unrelated events and decisions such as the Holocaust can be used to examine Hitler and his decision-making, for example many historians such as Ian Kershaw believe that ideas such as the mass extermination of Jews developed from the mass radicalisation within the Nazi regime and the outside influence of events such as the World war. Finally all the confusion due to his leadership was not planned. It was not a deliberate policy. However, Hitler did have many strengths and qualities of a strong dictator. For example his methods of consolidating his power were very effective and minimised future opposition. He inflicted horror and fear over potentially rebellious characters, and killed his opponents such as Ernst Rohm. Hitler was also a good orator and therefore could easily persuade ordinary German people to agree with his views. Also he seemed to have all the answers to Germanys problems. He solved the economic problem and almost created full employment. He seemed to have something to offer every single German. Also looking at sources around the time, admittedly they may be fixed or altered such as the many plebiscites, where the Nazis always seemed to achieve an overwhelming majority landslide victory. This can be used as evidence of Hitlers popularity and therefore possibly his power as a dictator. Also simply the fact that Hitler dominated Germany from 1933 to 1945 shows that he was a strong dictator. Also, the new way in which laws were passed, Hitler would state his wishes or maybe even simply his officials interpretations would serve as laws. Hitlers power and strength as a dictator was based on his unique relationship with the German people. His will was absolute because it was the will of the people. This is crucial evidence because that statement is very strong and shows just the sheer amount of power Hitler has and he is a very strong dictator who has complete power. There were no constitutional restraints on him. After so many years of such weak dictatorship, many Germans desired a strong leader, a Messiah. Helped by successful policies and the super effective propaganda machine in Goebbels Hitler achieved the Messiah type image throughout the Third Reich known as the Hitler myth. Also, there is the issue of decision-making in Germany. Many people claim that because Hitler did not really get involved in decision-making and was often unwilling to make decisions that he was a weak dictator. However, it can be argued that because he didnt have to make any decisions this can be reflective of just how powerful he was and just how much of a strong dictator he was since he never even had to make any decisions. The Fuhrer system meant that there was no need for a formal power or decision-making structure; Hitlers will was law. Rich said; The point cannot be stressed too strongly; Hitler was master in the Third Reich. Bracher agreed with this stating; The omnipotent power of the Fuhrer, abrogating (breaking) all state and legal norms and sanctioning (authorising) all deeds, was basic law of the Third Reich. All those who believe that Hitler was a strong dictator would argue so because of the following ideas; Hitler had clear aims especially those associated with anti-Semitism, anti-Bolshevism and Lebensraum. Hitler had extreme amounts of power and was able to apply his aims successfully. Hitler aimed to eradicate the Jews and due to his strength as a dictator was eventually able to do so. Finally Nazism can be seen as Hitlerism because it was totally dependent on Hitler, his decisions, his power and his views. All the other factors that seem to make us believe that Hitler was a strong dictator are stated as follows: Hitler is the key activator of all the successes within the Nazi party. Most of the Nazi policies are reflective of Hitlers overall vision. And crucially there is no effective opposition to his will. My final conclusion on whether Hitler was a strong dictator or a weak dictator is as follows. Even though Hitler was often uninvolved in decision-making and that this could be seen as a factor for him being a weak dictator. But at the same time it can exemplify his immense power. To maintain the figure of him being an absolute dictator he could not be seen dealing with small irrelevant arguments between lower-ranking party members. For most of the time his subordinates competed with one another to work towards the Fuhrer. Whenever Hitler did intervene he was completely unchallenged. Thus with this factor and the others stated previously I believe that Hitler was a strong dictator who at times was seen as weak because of his ineffectiveness and unwillingness to deal with all party issues.

Daily Writing Tips Spelling Test 1

Daily Writing Tips Spelling Test 1 Daily Writing Tips Spelling Test 1 Daily Writing Tips Spelling Test 1 By Daniel Scocco It took us some time, but we are finally up with another test, the Spelling Test 1. Spelling mistakes represent a common problem on the Internet. Sometimes just one letter separates two words with completely different meanings. Other times we end up transposing a vowel, and the result is hardly noticeable by the eye. Regardless, you should make sure that spelling mistakes are not crippling your writing, and this test is a good opportunity to do so. Here is a teaser: 9. It didn’t turn out the way we wanted, _________. though tough through thought Do you think you can pass with 100% accuracy? Test your spelling skills now, and let us know the result! Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Rhetorical Devices for Rational WritingExpanded and ExtendedUsing "zeitgeist" Coherently

Explain the causes of European exploration and analyze the changes Essay

Explain the causes of European exploration and analyze the changes this caused in the Americas - Essay Example Due to this, Europeans wanted to figure out alternative routes in order to decrease their cost of travelling and this led to the creation of a route to Asia which passed through the horn of Africa. Before the period of Exploration, the wealth of Europeans had declined as a result of wars and in order to obtain more wealth, Europeans started exploring other nations in search of commodity such as gold and goods to trade. Exploration conducted by Europeans even led to the development of technology used for sailing, this purpose led to the development of Portuguese caravel which assisted the Europeans to travel to the middle regions of the sea. One of the main aims of the European explorers was to spread the religion of Christianity in different regions such as Asia. The Europeans of that era were highly influenced by the Roman Catholic Church and they were indulged in spreading Christianity under this church. Exploration had a series of negative and positive impacts on the Americans. The most negative impact was the death of huge number of natives as result of diseases that transferred from the Europeans to the Americans and the wars that took place between the two societies and due to enslavement of the Americans. Christopher Columbus was the one who enslaved over 250,000 Arawaks and only a total of 500 of the enslaved ones lived alive by the period of 1550. During the 15th century, horses were imported into Americas and a huge number of these horses escaped into the wild regions where they increased in number due to reproduction and soon horses became a mode of transportation for the Northern American tribes and this travel instrument helped them in trading goods and services with other tribes. The diseases that came along with the Europeans and badly impacted the people of Americas were measles and chicken pox and these diseases proved to be deadly for the natives (Goldfield, 2011,