The Harlem Renaissance Essay -- essays research papers

Marcus Garvey and his association, the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), speak to the biggest mass development in African-American history. Declaring a dark patriot "Back to Africa" message, Garvey and the UNIA built up 700 branches in thirty-eight states by the mid 1920s. While parts existed in the bigger urban territories, for example, New York, Chicago, and Los Angeles, Garvey's message likewise ventured into unassuming communities the nation over. His way of thinking and association had a rich strict segment that he mixed with the political and monetary perspectives. Garvey was conceived in 1887 in St. Anne's Bay, Jamaica. Because of the financial difficulty of his family, he left school at age fourteen and educated the printing and paper business. He got keen on legislative issues and before long engaged in ventures planned for aiding those on the base of society. Unsatisfied with his work, he made a trip to London in 1912 and remained in England for a long time. While in London, he read Booker T. Washington's personal history Up From Slavery. Washington trusted African Americans expected to develop themselves first, demonstrating whites in America that they merited equivalent rights. Albeit politically included off camera, Washington more than once asserted that African Americans would not profit by political activism and began a mechanical preparing school in Alabama that encapsulated his own way of thinking of self improvement. Garvey grasped Washington's thoughts and come back to Jamaica to establish...

Bill Gates Bib

Bill Gates Bib Bill Gates is one of the most powerful individuals on the planet. He is fellow benefactor of the most perceived brands in the PC business with about each personal computer utilizing in any event one programming program from Microsoft. As per Forbes magazine Gates is the wealthiest man on the planet and has been in the number 1 situation for at any rate seven years.Gates was conceived and experienced childhood in Seattle, Washington USA. His dad, William H. Doors II was a Seattle lawyer and his mom, Mary Maxwell Gates was a teacher and director of the United Way good cause. Entryways and his two sisters had an open to childhood, with Gates ready to go to the selective optional Lakeside School.Bill Gates began learning at Harvard University in 1973 where he got together with Paul Allen. Entryways and Allen doors dealt with a rendition of the programming language BASIC, that was the reason for the MITS Altair (the main microcomputer available).English: Melinda Gates in World Economic Fo rum (Cr...He didn't proceed to move on from Harvard University as he left in his lesser year to begin what was to turn into the biggest program organization on the planet, Microsoft Corporation.Bill Gates and the Microsoft CorporationTo empower individuals and organizations all through the world to understand their maximum capacity. Microsoft Mission StatementAfter dropping out of Harvard Bill Gates and his accomplice Paul Allen set about altering the PC business. Doors accepted there ought to be a PC on each office work area and in each home.In 1975 the organization Micro-delicate was framed, a truncation of microcomputer programming. It before long turned out to be basically Microsoftâ ® and went on to totally change the manner in which individuals use computers.Microsoft assisted with making the PC simpler to use with its created and bought programming, and made it a business achievement. The accomplishment of...

Shopping: Online vs. Store Essay -- Compare/Contrast, Comparison, Inte

When looking at two changed methods of shopping a great many people don't consider the distinction, the two of them do and not understand it. In the present society individuals shop while at work, after work and on the ends of the week, at whatever point time grants. Stop and figure how might I get additional time in the day for family or just myself? The most ideal approach to make sense of that with all the recourses we have is to go into a store and invest energy glancing through racks and holding up in unlimited lines to simply buy something. I thought about going into a store sections internet shopping; to see which one will set aside you time and cash. There are numerous explanations behind deciding to go into a store to buy things required. For example, having somebody help you in finding what you need, or simply answer inquiries regarding the item. It is likewise an approach to get off the love seat, away from the TV, or off the PC. Another element is you can see and inspect what you are going to buy. This aides in the dynamic for the vast majority. You know the moment the salesman rings you up, the item is yours to bring home and utilize right aw...

Strategic management accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Key administration bookkeeping - Essay Example The examination of fluctuation includes finding the contrast between the planned figure and the genuine figure. Whereby, a positive or a negative change might be gotten. Whereby, a positive fluctuation suggests that the planned figures were higher than the genuine sum. This implies the board an over cast was made while setting up the financial plan (Codjia, 2013). Then again, a negative fluctuation shows that the planned sum was lower than the sum got. This implies there was an under cast during spending readiness. In this manner, key fluctuation investigation might be sorted into two divisions in particular; fundamentally unrelated vital change examination and discretionally key difference investigation. Whereby, restrictive fluctuation investigation centers at deciding the deviations regarding planned and real deals volumes. Then again, select change investigation centers at deciding deviations as far as commitment edge and creation cost (Codjia, 2013). Also, vital administration b ookkeeping helps in observing and control. Whereby, inward examiners direct an exhaustive investigation of monetary revealing instrument. This causes evaluators to practice inner control of money related reports just as forestall mistakes that could happen. ... In this manner, this examination will give an understanding on the two significant areas viewing vital administration bookkeeping as talked about. Question 1 Advice on two totally various organizations about the advantages and issues related with what is named the â€Å"traditional way to deal with planning and budgetary control†. The advantages that may accumulate from an association that will in general receive customary methodology of planning and budgetary control may change between various associations. This is on the grounds that a spending that can be applied in one association may not be powerful in another association. Moreover, outer elements impacting a business may not be comparable on the grounds that distinctive association may be working under various business conditions. Moreover, association contrasts as far as objectives, targets and exercises completed (Bhattacharyya, 2006). For example, a spending that might be used in a business that works in a truly stead y and static commercial center may not be reasonable to a business that work in a dynamic, quickly changing, creative condition. This implies on out of the two associations, one may acquire a bigger number of advantages than the different because of embracing customary methodology of planning and budgetary control. Connectively, customary methodology of planning and budgetary control has the accompanying component; spending plans are affirmed earlier the beginning of the budgetary year, also, plans, suppositions and elements that could influence the following year financial plan are made ahead of time. Thirdly, control to redress deviations may be mulled over. Moreover, the planned figures are regularly contrasted and genuine figures on both combined and month to month premise (Bowhill, 2008). In above

Wolof Language in Africa

Presentation Over 7,000,000 individuals spreading across three West African states including Senegal, Gambia and Mauritania is as of now speaking Wolof. Truth be told, Wolof is considered one of the most huge dialects beginning from Niger-Kordofan gathering of tongues set up by Greenberg. In Senegal, Wolof is broadly spoken and seen as the national language other than French.Advertising We will compose a custom research paper test on Wolof Language in Africa explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The appraisals are that more than 80% of Senegalese speak Wolof. The language is separated into different vernaculars going from Baol to Lebou. As indicated by (Gamble 25), the quantity of Wolof speakers are rising given the way that lion's share of the networks inside Senegal, Gambia and some portion of Mauritania are utilizing the language in their financial and political endeavors. Besides, the language assumes a basic job in the financial and political degrees of the netw orks. At the end of the day, the language is utilized in social, political and financial settings especially in Senegal. Despite the fact that the vast majority of the speakers of the language are from assorted vernaculars, they are collectively conceivable (Campbell 341). The historical backdrop of the Wolof language Historians contend that Wolof language originated from Tekrur realm. Tekrur was one of the domains found in old Ghana. The Wolof language is viewed as the system of the Senegalese ethnic networks. Besides, Wolof is accepted to have cozy relationship with Serer and Pulaar, the significant dialects starting from the north of Senegal (Garry and Rubino 445). Wolof, Serer and Pulaar are said to have throughout the years isolated because of social, political and financial changes. All things considered, the three dialects have different likenesses in vernacular and down to earth terms. Most history specialists affirm that Wolof language fanned out from Serer. Truth be told, Serer and Wolof are comparable in all the remote components. Also, students of history bring up that Wolof, Serer and Pulaar are connected heritably and socially (Ruhlen 129). Further, students of history state that the three significant and related dialects may have begun from antiquated Egypt. Further, different students of history relate Wolof to Mandinka people group of Djolof Mbing. Truth be told, the hypothesis states that Wolof began from a little town known as â€Å"lof† built up by Mandinka, Djolof Mbing. The â€Å"lof† occupants were later called â€Å"waa-lof†. The history specialists having a place with the way of thinking accept that the name â€Å"waa-lof† later advanced to be Wolof (Gamble 25). Accordingly, the â€Å"waa-lof† individuals later extended to be Wolof communicating in networks or the language gathering. The explanation is that the â€Å"waa-lof† and Wolof is comparative in societies and vernaculars. Different simi litudes the antiquarians refer to incorporate political frameworks, way of life and the conviction frameworks. The relationship as social standards and lingo demonstrate the hypothesis that Wolof language started from the antiquated Mandinka town of ‘lof†.Advertising Looking for explore paper on semantics? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Currently, the Wolof talking networks have spread in most piece of Senegal, Gambia and Mauritania. In addition, Wolof is regarded one of the sub-parts of the bigger Niger-Congo language families possessing West Atlantic Region (Grimes 111). In Senegal, the Wolof is generally spoken significantly on the two sides along waterway Senegal from the north to bring down parts including Podor, Richard-Toll and Saint-Louis. In Gambia, the networks communicating in the language are significantly found along stream Gambia. In addition, the language is spread over the Senegal River for the most part in Mauritania, Guinea and Guinea Bissau (Comrie 219). The nearness of Senegalese in remote nations especially in France empowers the language to have a portion of the outside lingos. The nearness of the unknown dialect and instruction has empowered Wolof to develop into type of new lingo however greater parts despite everything keep up the first vernacular. The current borrowings and connection to different dialects As demonstrated, the language is generally spread as far as topographical territory coming about into varieties in lingo. The distinctions in lingo is additionally connected with the impact different dialects have on Wolof especially French, which is generally spoken in West Africa. Notwithstanding, the varieties in tongue don't influence the perception of the language (Garry and Rubino 445). Additionally, the majority of the first vernacular is kept up. In entire sentence, the obtained word must be one, which is even uncommon. At the end of the day, in an enti re sentence, just single word may vary starting with one spot then onto the next. The borrowings from different dialects are not normal. Further, the qualifications in tongues are immaterial since such persuasive variety can't keep others from understanding the verbal correspondence. Basically, the common coherence is profoundly kept up among the Wolof talking networks (Grimes 111). In any case, wide variety is seen in Wolof language spoken in urban and provincial zones. The varieties begin from the weight of modernization in urban focuses where dominant part collaborate with different dialects and the support of the first vernacular in the provincial regions. A portion of the terms are every now and again utilized in the rustic territories instead of urban focuses where remote acquired vernaculars are normal (Ruhlen 134). As it were, a few terms are explicit to the provincial vernacular. Individuals living in the midtown can't see such terms. Also, a few tongues are explicit to urb an territories and are ordinarily obtained from unknown dialects especially French. For example, words, for example, â€Å"Jatan† and â€Å"Naaf† are basic in rustic regions while words including â€Å"Garaas† and â€Å"oto† regularly utilized in urban regions are acquired from French words â€Å"Garage† and â€Å"Automobile†. Further, the expanded pace of innovation and impact in instruction apply more weight on urban occupants. Accordingly, the urban occupants continually make new words and utilize many French borrowings, which are legitimately identified with political, financial and social changes existing in urban focuses. Despite what might be expected, the country inhabitants are very moderate and use vernaculars that are overlooked or ignored in present day urban areas (Gamble 25).Advertising We will compose a custom research paper test on Wolof Language in Africa explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The association s with the French language has likewise prompted contrasts in certain terms, for example, can which is alluded to â€Å"douche† around while in rustic zones, the first term â€Å"wanag† is utilized. The contacts Wolof has with different dialects likewise have impact in certain regions, for example, in Saint Louis. The city of Saint Louis, being close to Mauritania, has acquired the term â€Å"Kaudir† significance skillet, which the remainder of Senegalese Wolof people group term â€Å"Cin†. The local decent variety additionally adds to the Wolof rationalistic contrasts. The explanation clarifies the distinctions saw in Senegalese Wolof vernaculars from the Gambian Wolof dialects. The adjustments in the Gambian Wolof tongues are impacted by English language given the way that Gambia is a previous British province. The impact of English isn't clear in Senegalese Wolof tongues rather than French (Grimes 113). The English borrowings are just basic with hip-ju mp vocalists in Senegal. In Gambia, English language significantly affected the Wolof tongues where begat English are supplanting a few terms. The ongoing changes in Wolof language identified with mechanical developments Even however innovative headway has little impact on the progressions occurring inside the Wolof language, barely any changes have occurred especially in wording and articulations. Cutting edge innovation has likewise encouraged the acquiring of certain terms. Terms that didn't initially exist in Wolof vernacular are presently fused. At the end of the day, innovation has prompted the formation of new terms (Gamble 25). The new terms have enhanced the Wolof jargon especially in urban focuses. Be that as it may, the progression in innovation has encouraged the pace of impact unknown dialects have on Wolof lingos. In addition, mechanical headways bring about contrasts of certain terms utilized specifically urban zones instead of provincial zones. For example, in Dakar, where lion's share are taught and apply present day innovative contraptions, regular terms are being supplanted with the French or English phrasings of the devices. Now and again, new words are being embedded instead of unique terms in Wolof or words considered good old in urban regions (Campbell 341). For example, the term â€Å"muus† beginning from the mouse of a PC is continually supplanting the Wolof expression â€Å"wundu† which is as yet being utilized in many territories. Despite the fact that there are changes coming about because of mechanical progressions especially in certain terms, enormous changes have not occurred.Advertising Searching for look into paper on etymology? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Wolof language and its odds for a change Wolof language has explicit qualities that separate it from different dialects. In addition, Wolof language has explicit traits that separate it from other national dialects spoken in Senegal and Gambia where Wolof talking networks are generally spread. One of the traits is the job the language plays in the public eye since it is the main vehicular language (Garry and Rubino 456). At the end of the day, in contrast to other vernacular national dialects, networks and not the entire populace speak Wolof. What's more, everyone in social and poli

How to Setup and Manage Your Request For Proposals (RFPs)

How to Setup and Manage Your Request For Proposals (RFPs) A request for proposal or RFP is an effective tool for businesses to search for the best products/services at the most reasonable prices by finding the appropriate vendor or supplier. It is a method through which businesses send requests to a number of possible suppliers so that these suppliers can create and send their business proposals and one among these proposals can then be selected. © Shutterstock.com | chattanongzenIn this article, we shall learn more about 1) what is a RFP, 2) what purpose it serves and 3) how can you setup and manage your RFP. So what are we waiting for, let’s read on to find out.REQUEST FOR PROPOSALS (RFPs)A request for proposal or RFP is an invitation for all potential vendors and service providers to participate in the bidding process for certain product or service. Such requests are done by a company that is keen to purchase those products or services. The idea of this invitation is to collect several business proposals submitted by all potential vendors or a suppliers and to select one or some of them to complete the requested project. An RFP must be submitted by your business during the procurement stage or initial study phases of a project. It is in the form of a document in which your organization can state what it is looking for and also provide evaluation or assessment criteria for proposals.An RFP is an important document that c an influence the kinds of products or commodities your organization ultimately acquires since such documents have the capability to influence the response from supplier. Thus, you must pay enough attention while framing the request and make sure it has all the main points that are needed for the supplier’s knowledge and insight to prepare a appropriate proposal. The following are some of the functions that an RFP must try to fulfill:It must inform the recipients/suppliers that your business is keen to procure.It must encourage suppliers to showcase their best efforts by hinting that the selection process will be highly competitive.It must specify exactly which product/service/commodity your organization is looking to procure.It must enable wide response and distribution.It must make sure that suppliers give their response appropriately by giving instructions for a response.Similar requestsJust like a request for proposal, there are certain other similar requests that are drafted a nd sent by business organizations to their suppliers or other parties in order to get certain feedback from them. The following are the other 4 types of similar requests:Request for Quotation A request for quotation or RFQ is a kind of a request made when there is no need for a complete proposal and when price is the main aspect on the basis of which the supplier is selected. An RFQ can also be used before an RFP to get an idea of the price range.Request for Qualification RFQ or request for qualification is another type of a request that is distributed before starting the RFP procedure. This kind of a request is used to collect supplier information so as to establish a database of possible vendors and then shortlist the few suitable ones.Request for Information An RFI is a request for information about products and services that are available to meet the demands of the buyer. This helps buyers know strengths and capabilities of the various suppliers before a major procurement.Req uest for Tender An RFT is more commonly used by a government in order to request all possible suppliers to send their proposals for a big project.HOW TO SETUP AND MANAGE YOUR REQUEST FOR PROPOSALSA RFP, as stated above is a highly important document for your organization as it can help you win the best vendors and long term associations. This is why, it is important to pay a lot of attention to writing it and setting up the entire procedure. A well-written RFP should focus on your main objectives and your expectations from the vendor. It must be properly structured and well-formatted so that it looks professional. When you start setting up your RFP, you must have a clear goal in mind and base the entire drafting process with this goal in mind.Besides setting up an RFP, managing it is another thing that you must pay enough attention to. Right from the first step of assembling the team to the last phase of sending out the RFPs, each step must be given enough weightage and must be man aged well. The following are the main steps to set up and manage your RFPs:Step #1.     Include the right peopleThe first step that you must follow in order to set up an RFP is to form a team that will be responsible for the creation  of the RFP document as well as the management of the RFP process later. It is a good idea to start with a small team of people so that the variety of perspectives as well as the skills possessed by each individual can be focused and streamlined easily. The team members must be selected by you carefully by considering their knowledge, skills possessed, suitability to the project as well as their experience in the particular field. Each individual selected must be truly involved in the process and should be able to make a considerable contribution to the project. If the team selected turns out to be large, then groups within the team can be formed and duties can be delegated so as to ensure smooth functioning of the process.Step #2.     Research and diff erentiate between wants and needsAn RFP that you create must be clear, concise and self-explanatory. It must not confuse the recipients in any way and should create a distinction between your needs and your wants. To create this differentiation, you first need to understand and analyze what your needs are and how are they different from your wants. A need is an absolute necessity whereas a want is an additional choice. Your RFP team must clearly specify your necessities and expectations from the vendor or the products and services offered. The ‘wants’ can then be stated additionally by including words like ‘may’, ‘optional’, ‘additional’, etc.Perform some research while creating this differentiation so that you can be absolutely sure about the things that you definitely require and the things that you can still do without.Step #3.     Writing the RFPOf course, one of the most important parts of the overall RFP process is writing the RFP document. Whatever you write i n this document must be pre-planned and well organized. An RFP must be written only after you have defined your needs and are aware of your main requirements. In order to draft it effectively, you must first create an outline and include the main sections that you will need. The following are the main sections of an RFP which you need to include and pay attention to:Introduction Your RFP must have a solid introduction that gives an outline of the request and states its objectives. You must briefly explain why you are writing an RFP and what you hope to achieve from it. Provide a summary of the main points in not more than a few words and make sure that you include the due date clearly.Background information The suppliers who will be receiving your request must know who this request is coming from. This is why, it is important to write down information about your organization including its name, address, what it does, how long has it been in the industry and a brief history.Descrip tion of the project The RFP must also speak about your project and company. It should be able to give out information about the purpose of the project.Requirements This part is one of the main sections of the RFP and must consist of the detailed explanation of what are your main needs and requirements for vendors. Be very sure of what exactly you want and then translate it on the RFP professionally. All the bidders are able to make a suitable or appropriate bid only when they know what requirements they have to fulfill. Those requirements can be stated in a point-wise format and must be easy to understand.Expectations The RFP must also state clearly the kind of expectations your business has with vendors, products or services so that a vendor who is not able to meet these expectations may not send a proposal at all.Selection criteria It is important for you to explain clearly the criteria based on which the winning bid will be selected. The criteria for choosing one or more vend ors must be made absolutely clear and transparent so that the vendors can gear up and get ready for putting their best foot forward.Timelines Besides the deadline for submition of proposals, which you need to specify in your RFP document, you also need to create a timeline of processes and procedures that will take place from the starting of the project, till its end. Be practical and flexible as far as the deadlines are concerned so as to enable the vendors to work freely and be encouraged to respond to you.Step #4.     Identify who and how to send RFPsAnother thing that can help you with setting up and managing your RFP is to decide how and who to send it to. Most companies mail RFPs, but this is not the only method of distributing them across vendors. You can also send the RFPs through the mail or simply post them on your website and notify your vendors about it.Now, you need to identify and decide who to send the RFPs to. Most businesses tend to have already a list of vendors. In case you don’t have such list, you can find potential vendors and narrow down the list by going through the professional network. Try to limit the number of recipients for your request and narrow down the overall list so as to make the second half of the procedure easier for yourself.Sending RFPs to only known vendors of big companies in the industry may not be the best idea since even small or new vendors may meet your requirement or expectations. Moreover, small vendors are sometimes more keen on winning new contracts and may hence give a better overall performance.Step #5.     Consider a confidentiality clauseAll the suppliers and vendors who take out time to respond to your request and send in their proposals might have certain reservations about the confidentiality of the information they are sharing with you. If they do not find a confidentiality clause or its reference in the request, they may not even respond back, since to most, security of their data is of supreme imp ortance. So make it a point to introduce a clause of confidentiality which states that you agree to not reveal the information of the vendors in any situation or circumstance. This will help the vendors to trust you and divulge important or sensitive information. Of course, the request will not consist of the entire contract but should point out to the main clause.Step #6.     Check details of deliveryYou need to double check on the manner in which you wish to receive RFPs. There are many ways in which this can be done, and some of them include hard copy, fax submission, and email submission. Also, you must be clear about how many copies you wish to receive from the vendors. You must specify your preferred details of delivery in the request in order to avoid any confusion for the vendors and to make way for a smooth process. If you do not enter these details, each proposal received by you will be different and may not be suitable to your liking. Some of the other details that you ma y want to specify include last date for submission, the correct time zone, the signatures needed on the proposals and others.Step #7.   Collect evaluate VendorsAfter fully finalizing the RFP document and sending it across several vendors, you will start collect the proposals from them. When going through the proposals rate the vendors and define the winner by keeping in mind your key evaluation criteria.POSSIBLE PROBLEMS AND HOW TO HANDLE THEMAn RFP is a crucial document that can bring some order and structure to the procurement decision for your business. It allows you to compare different suppliers and then select the one that offers you the best products/services at the most suitable rates. But in spite of its benefits and good intent, an RFP can have some inherent problems that may need resolving in order to gain the maximum out of it. The following are some of the possible problems with hints to handling them:Poor odds An RFP is usually sent across to several companies (even hundreds of them) but the number of responses received may not always be huge. This means that there is a high chance that the supplier who was most suitable for you may not respond to your request, thus leading to overall poor odds. You may still find business from the remaining supplier who did respond, but it may not the best option for you. In order to improve your odds, you must try to build a relationship with the procurement manager of your company and hire someone experienced for this job. Improving the odds may depend a lot upon the skills and expertise of this employee.Predefined procedures Another major problem with an RFP that may act as a roadblock for you to find the best supplier is the strict deadlines and predefined procedures that it consists of. However important deadlines and a well-structured procedure maybe for you, it may not always allow the supplier to be flexible and work according to his suitability. When a supplier receives a request for proposal and see s stringent specifications, he may lose half the interest and may not even respond. Thus, you must make it a point to allow a practice timeline and make it an effort to consider the comfort of the vendors as well.Preexisting associations If your business has had a few pre-existing business relationships with certain vendors who performed well on previous occasions, then this may give them a biased edge over others and may hurt the RFP process. In order to avoid the unfair competition among vendors, make it a point not to favor a known supplier on flimsy grounds. Always have a fair procedure of selection of the vendor from the bunch of proposals received.

Judges 19 and Phyllis Trible’s View Representation - 550 Words

Judges 19 and Phyllis Trible's View: Representation of this Requirement (Article Critique Sample) Content: Judges 19 and Phyllis Tribleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s viewThe story in Judges 19 is of a Levite whose concubine was unfaithful to him and went back to her father. The Levite goes after her and when they spend the night at a strangerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s place, perverted men demand to sleep with the Levite. He offers his concubine and they rape her all night and she dies the next day. The Levite cuts up her dead body in 12 pieces and sends them throughout Israel.From this story, it is clear that people are not necessarily kind to one of their own. During their journey back home, the Levantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s servant pleaded that they spend the night at a Jebusite city because it was dark. The Levite refused, saying "we will not turn aside here into a city of foreigners, who are not the children of Israel" (Judges 19:21 New King James Version). They went into Gibeah which was a Jewish town but no one would take them in. An old man later walked by and invited them to his home. It is also clear that people are betrayed by those closest to them. When the men of Gilbeah demanded to have carnal knowledge of the Levite, the Levite brought his concubine out to them and they raped her. The Levite portrays an act of selfishness that is reflected upon with much horror even in todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s world.Optimistic readers of this story will realize that the unnamed woman in the story was used to some extent to unite the Israelites. Throughout the book of Judges, it is apparent that Israelites would always revert to their old ways-disobeying God. God would then deliver them into the hands of their enemies before he picked a leader to liberate them. The death of the unnamed woman caused much anger amongst the Israelites against the house of Benjamin. They had forsaken the teachings of God and now an evil deed had occurred. "No such deed has been done or seen from the day that the children of Israel came up from the land of Egypt until this day" (Judges 19:30 New King James Version). This act opened their eyes to the evil ways that their own people had become accustomed to. They then banded together to punish the house of Benjamin for the evil.Trible (1989) has analyzed the story of the unnamed woman in Judges 19 to great detail. The author remarks that it is a depiction of "the horrors of male power, brutality, and triumphalism; of female helplessness, abuse and annihilation" (pp65). The woman is regarded as property of the Levite and has little say in matters concerning even her ow...

The United States, Japan and China Difference In Approaches To Managing People - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2498 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Compare and contrast essay Level High school Did you like this example? For the United States, Japan and China evaluate how approaches to managing people differ and how these differences can be explained by cultural context. Date authored: 26 th May, 2014 Introduction In this international age of business where firms operate in many different parts of the globe, it is important to note that approaches to management may differ across cultures. In setting up a new office in, for example, China or Japan, potential managers should seek to adapt to the different cultural practices of the host country in order to better manage their workforce and achieve productivity. In this essay, we shall, firstly, discuss methods of measuring key dimensions of culture, and then using said dimensions, look at the different management styles between three countries; China, Japan and the US, currently the three largest economies in terms of GDP, and seek to determine how each approach is shaped by the unique cultural contexts of each country. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The United States, Japan and China Difference In Approaches To Managing People" essay for you Create order Measuring Key Dimensions of Culture In order to measure the potential effects of culture on the behaviour of said cultures firms and managers, Geert Hofstede (2001), while working for IBM in the late 70s and early 80s, identified six key dimensions of culture that could be measured through use of survey data and indexed values, namely; Time Orientation (Long Term vs Short Term); a measure of the extent to which each society values history, heritage and tradition whether it prefers to uphold traditional values and is more resistant to new ideas and technology (Long Term Orientation) or whether it is more fluid, less focussed on the past and more open to change (Short Term Orientation); Power Distance (High vs Low), which measures how well the society in question handles uneven distributions of power; whether it is generally accepted and understood as a fact of life (high power distance) or whether it is held to be deeply unfair, unnatural, and something to be railed against (low power distance); Individ ualism vs Collectivism; a measure of the extent to which a sense of community and collective responsibility exists, and whether it is thought to be more important than individualist beliefs and desires. Individualist societies tend to value independence, privacy and personal fulfilment, while collectivist societies tend to value group interdependence and a repression of personal ambition when it is misaligned with communal values; Uncertainty Avoidance (Weak vs Strong), which measures the extent to which each society is comfortable dealing with risk, uncertainty and ambiguity –societies with high degrees of uncertainty avoidance tend to be highly regulated and value careful planning and structure, while societies with low degrees of uncertainty avoidance tend to be more pragmatic, and accept change and risk as factors of life; Masculinity vs Femininity; a measure of societal gender differentiation – in ‘masculine cultures, gender roles are highly differ entiated and society as a whole places higher values on competition, ambition, and personal achievement whereas in ‘feminine societies gender roles are less starkly defined and more equal, and society tends to place higher values on relationship building, modesty and group harmony (Hofstede and Minkov, 2010). The US American society traditionally has a tendency to value individualism and personal freedoms – indeed, such ideals can be seen in the idea of ‘The American Dream, which postulates that anyone can achieve great wealth and success through individual hard work and determination. With regard to the Hofstede (2001) dimensions of cultural influence; Source: Gallant (2013) The United States scores low on the measure of Power Distance, suggesting that American culture is generally intolerant of uneven distributions of power and prefers to see all men as equal (as is laid out in the American Declaration of Independence). It also scores low on Time Orientation, suggesting US society prefers to embrace change and adapt to new ideas rather than sticking to more traditional approaches. It scores quite highly on Masculinity vs Femininity, which is perhaps a reflection of the traditional American respect for competition and ambition. Unsurprisingly, it scores very highly in the measure of Individualism vs Collectivism, a reflection of the deeply held belief in individual freedoms and independence which has been a mainstay of American culture since the war of independence. This strong sense of individualism is reflected in the American approach to management. Generally, American managers are expected to deal with employees as individuals, rather than as a collective – the ‘open door approach to management, where employees are free to approach and discuss issues, suggestions and ideas with upper management, is a uniquely American approach to management that has gained traction in other parts of the world (Laurent, 2006) as it allows employees to feel that their ideas and opinions are valued by those higher up the corporate ladder. American managers are often viewed as facilitators, helping employees to develop personal talents and understanding the individual strengths and weaknesses of those they oversee (Lewis, 2000). Indeed, many American employers use psychometric tests in their hiring process, to determine an applicants individual skill level and expected role within the team (Jenkins, 2001). Indeed, skill-based human resource management theories and practices have quickly gained traction in many American firms (Lawler, 1992), reflecting the US cultural practice of embracing new ideas and valuing individu al contributions. There is also a strong sense of competition prevalent in the American approach to management, with promotions tending to go to those who have been seen to ‘rise above the rest, rather than merely to those who have had the longest tenure (Morris and Pinnington, 2012). The study by Morris and Pinnington (2012) shows that many US manufacturing firms (around a third of those studied, including several of the largest) have an â€Å"up-or-out† approach to employee promotion, whereby if an employee has not risen to the next level of the career ladder by a specified time, they are asked to leave the firm. A study by Gibbons and Waldman (1999) shows that workers in US firms who receive promotions early in their career tend to then be promoted quickly to the next level again, suggesting that individual achievement and ambition is both recognised and rewarded. China Chinese society is highly influenced by the teachings of Confucius, where all relationships are seen as inherently unequal; both elders and superiors are to be automatically given the utmost respect, and where the group is held to be far more important than the individual (Yum, 2009). This emphasis on group cohesion over individual freedoms was further influenced by the advent of Chinese communism in 1949, and the formation of the Peoples Republic of China. While China has become decidedly less socialist economically over the past two decades, owing mainly to Deng Xiaopings economic reforms of 1978 and 1992, it still remains a communist country, and its socialist ideology is still highly prevalent in everyday life (Yum, 2009) With regard to the Hofstede (2001) dimensions of cultural influence; Source: Gallant (2013) China scores highly on the measure of Power Distance, reflecting the fact that Chinese society inherently accepts uneven power distribution and inequality as a fact of life. Unsurprisingly, China scores very low on the measure of Individualism vs Collectivism, given both the Confucianist and the ruling Communist Partys emphasis on obedience to the state and group cohesion. It scores relatively highly on the measure of Masculinity vs Femininity, suggesting that gender roles are fairly strictly defined, and that ambition and assertiveness are valued, although mainly when they are used for the benefit of the group/state. China scores very highly on Time Orientation, suggesting that Chinese culture is very traditional and conservative, placing great emphasis on traditional values and methods. They also score very low on Uncertainty Avoidance, suggesting that Chinese society generally does not tolerate uncertainty, and prefers rules and strict structures to be in place. This ca n be seen in the fact that Chinese organisations tend to be highly structured and hierarchical, with each individual having a strict distinct role within the organisation (Lewis, 2000). Chinese managers tend to be very autocratic, and most decision-making is made from the top-down with little consultation (Gallant, 2013). Chinese decision making tends to be highly directive, task-oriented and low in cognitive complexity, with little room for interpretation (Martinson and Davison, 2005). Senior managers often have close ties to the Communist Party, and often important business decisions – especially those related to international trade – are scrutinised by party officials before being made (Osland, 1990). Chinese society emphasises the need for social cohesion, and the avoidance of conflict. Lockett (1988) suggests that the Chinese approach to management is much more people and relationship-oriented, and less performance-driven than in the West. When it comes to promotion, managers tend to promote those who are seen to be trustworthy and reliable rather than those who have sought to ‘rise above the rest at the expense of others (which is seen to be harmful to group cohesion), and length of tenure is also a highly important factor in determining promotion prospects (Ding et al, 1997). Japan Japanese society in general emphasises politeness and modesty as key virtues to be upheld – in a country with one of the highest urban population densities in the world, such virtues are important in maintaining social cohesion (Clammer, 2011). Japan was essentially closed to the outside world, apart from occasional contact with Dutch traders, until 1854, when the US Navy forced it to open its borders to trade (Totman, 2005). Since then, it has established itself as the third largest economy in the world in terms of GDP, behind the US and China at first and second place, respectively. With regard to the Hofstede dimensions of cultural influence; Source: Gallant (2013) Japan scores low on the measure of Individualism vs Collectivism, suggesting that Japanese society values group cohesion and social relationships over individual desires and accomplishments. Japan scores very highly on the measure of Masculinity vs Femininity, suggesting a high emphasis on fixed gender roles and on competition. It also scores very highly on Uncertainty Avoidance suggesting a high importance placed on the value of structure and rule formation, which can be interpreted as a holdover of its imperial past and its emphasis on a strict social hierarchy (Benedict, 1967). This is unsurprising given the high score for the measure of Time Orientation, which demonstrates Japanese culture is generally rather traditionalist and conservative. Although Japan scores low on the measure of individualism, Japanese managers tend to invest a great deal in their employees skills and development – in many Japanese firms, new employees spend around six to twelve months in t raining in each division of the company, so they can understand the different aspects of the firms organisation (Gallant, 2013). This ties in to the Japanese emphasis on structure and collectivism – each employee knows their role, and understands the role others play in the firms activities. Japanese decision making tends to be very collaborative – the Japanese concept of ‘hourenshou captures this perfectly. It refers to the necessity of reporting on both your own work and that of others, in ensuring everyone involved in the process is kept informed on how each piece of work is progressing (Clammer, 2011). Often, decisions are made at the middle management level, after consulting with subordinates, and are then passed up the chain to upper-level management to implement. Top management is seen as more of a facilitator than as a strictly authoritarian body. This idea of group responsibility is also upheld in the Japanese concept of ‘genchi genbutsu whi ch translates roughly as the need to get ones hands dirty when one spots a problem, regardless of role or level. Thus, top-level management are often willing to pitch in on a project to help it succeed, even if said project is many levels below (Clammer, 2011). The Japanese approach to promotion emphasises both seniority, maintenance of group cohesion, and modesty – the higher a manager rises, the more modest and unassuming he needs to appear (Suzuki, 1986). In Japan, it is generally expected for an employee to spend his working life at one company, slowly developing their individual skills and moving up the ranks, reflecting both the Japanese cultural preference for strong structure and organisation and avoidance of ambiguity, and in Japanese societys preferred long-term approach to Time Orientation. Conclusion While links can be drawn between each countrys unique cultural dimensions and its approach to management, care should be taken when applying such knowledge. As with any sweeping generalisations, there are many exceptions to the rule. However, such generalisations can still be useful as Lewis (2000) notes, â€Å"Determining national characteristics is treading a minefield of inaccurate assessment and surprising exception†¦there is, however, such a thing as a national norm† (Lewis, 2000, p3). So while not every Japanese manager will be modest, self-effacing and open to collaborative decision making; or every Chinese manager autocratic and avoiding of conflict; or every American manager highly competitive and performance-focused; such archetypes are generally successful in each area of cultural context, and the conscientiousness manager would do well to keep these national differences in mind while dealing with one of the aforementioned nations. References Benedict, R (1967), The Chrysanthemum and the Sword: Patterns of Japanese Culture, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Boston Clammer, J (2011), Contemporary Urban Japan, John Wiley and Sons, Oxford Ding, D, Fields, D and Akhtar, S (1997), ‘An empirical study of human resource management policies and practices in foreign-invested enterprises in China: the case of Shenzen Special Economic Zone, The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Volume 8, Issue 5, pg 595-613 Gallant, M (2013), The Business of Culture: How Culture Affects Management Around the World [Online], Available; https://www.halogensoftware.com/blog/the-business-of-culture-how-culture-affects-management-around-the-world [Accessed 21st May 2014] Gibbons, R and Waldman, M (1999), ‘A Theory of Wage and Promotion Dynamics Inside Firms, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Volume 144, Issue 4, pg 1321-1358 Hofstede, G (2001), Cultures Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviours, Institut ions and Organisations across Nations, SAGE Publications, New York Hofstede, G and Minkov, M (2010), Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind, McGraw-Hill, New York Jenkins, A (2001), Companies Use of Psychometric Testing and the Changing Demand for Skills: A Review of the Literature, [Online], Available; https://eprints.lse.ac.uk/19541/1/Companies_use_of_psychometric_testing_and_the_changing_demand_for_skills_A_review_of_the_literature.pdf [Accessed 21st May 2014] Laurent, A (2006), ‘The Cross-Cultural Puzzle of International Human Resource Management, Human Resource Management, Volume 25, Issue 1, pg 91-102 Lawler, E (1992), ‘A Skill-Based Approach to Human Resource Management, European Management Journal, Volume 10, Issue 4, pg 383-391 Lewis, R (2000), When Cultures Collide: Managing Successfully Across Cultures, Nicholas Brealey Publishing, London Lockett, M (1988), ‘Culture and the Problems of Chinese Management, Organisation Studies, Volume 914, pg 475 496 Martinson, M and Davison, R (2005), ‘Strategic decision making and support systems: Comparing American, Japanese and Chinese management, Decision Support Systems, Volume 43, pg 284 300 Morris, T and Pinnington, A (2012), ‘Promotion to Partner in Professional Service Firms, Human Relations, Volume 51, January, pg 3-24 Osland, G (1990), ‘Doing Business in China: A Framework for Cross-cultural Understanding, Marketing Intelligence and Planning, Volume 8, Issue 4, pg 4-14 Suzuki, N (1986), ‘Mid-Career Crisis in Japanese Business Organisations, Journal of Management Development, Volume 5, issue 5, pg 23-32 Totman, C (2005), A History of Japan, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford Yum, J (2009), The impact of Confucianism on interpersonal relationships and communication patterns in east Asia, [Online], Available; https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03637758809376178#.U4Aw33JdXHQ [Accessed 21st May 2014]

Religion, Religion And Religion Essay - 1690 Words

In Western society, religion plays a vital role in maintaining traditionalism. For instance, growing up as a Christian, I was taught that God loves everyone and forgives us of our sins, but he also condemns homosexuality and gives the consequence for such a lifestyle. Leviticus 20:13 mentions that â€Å"If a man lies with a male as he lies with a woman, both of them have committed an abomination. They shall surely be put to death. Their blood {shall be} upon them†. Basically, I believe that the Bible is saying that heterosexuality is the only way to living a comfortable and happy life. If one feels sexually attracted or drawn to the same sex, one should consider conversion therapy, ask for forgiveness from the Lord, or confess to the Virgin Mary. If one fails to comply by asking for forgiveness, one has not only committed a sin, but will also face judgement day by going to hell. Considering this theory, I do believe in the Bible and I agree, but I also believe that one should be free to choose who he or she wants to marry or love. That is, no one should be forced to live by what are claimed to be traditional norms and gender roles due to Christianity’s influence on society. We live in a society where one should be free to choose what religion they would like to practice or not and most of all, one should be free to express one’s sexuality without facing tragedies and feelings of oppression due to society’s rules, guidelines, regulations, definition of masculinity, and normality.Show MoreRelatedReligion, Religion And Religion1189 Words   |  5 PagesReligion is a concept that is passed down from generation to generation. Thankfully, because someone decided to write the religious values down, same of religions core concepts haven’t changed much. But people typically don’t learn their religion by growing up and finding a bible or Quran and reading it. 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The Equality Act 2010 - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2584 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Ethics Essay Type Research paper Tags: Act Essay Did you like this example? Introduction: The aim of this paper is to evaluate assessing the significance and impacts of the Equality Act 2010. This is legal system aimed to fight discrimination. This paper also focuses on evaluating the Contract Law of UK through assessment of a case study. The Contract Law is the legal system that controls all contractual activity in England and Wales (Singer, 2012). Part: I The protected characteristics of the Equality Act 2010: The protected characteristics of the Equality Act 2010 have been assessed as follows: Age: People in all age groups are protected under the Equality Act 2010. This implies that nobody can be discriminated against because he or she belongs to a specific age group. Disability: As per the Equality Act 2010, if a person has a mental or physical problem, or some issue that influences his work performance, he is considered to be disabled. The Equality Act 2010 provides protection to all disabled people against discrimination. Gender reassignment: The Equality Act 2010 protects people who have had gender reassignment, are planning to opt for it. The Act also protects transsexual people, and people with similar characteristics. Marriage and civil partnership: People who are married, or, in civil partnerships, are protected by the Equality Act 2010. They cannot be discriminated against due to their marital status or partnership. Race: The Equality Act 2010 provides protection against racial discrimination and protects people belonging to all cultures and races. The Act considers different groups with similar characteristics as a single group. For example, all black people can be protected as a single group. Religion: The Equality Act 2010 protects the right to practice or believe in all religions. Noone can be discriminated against based on their religious beliefs. Gender: The Equality Act 2010 protects males and females equally and does not tolerate gender based discrimination. Sexual orientation: The Equality Act 2010 protects people against discrimination based on sexual orientation (Slattery, 2012). Different kinds of discrimination identified by the Equality Act 2010: The Equality Act 2010 highlights various kinds of discrimination. These have been identified as follows: The following forms of unequal treatment are distinguished by the Equality Act 2010: †¢Direct discrimination: This is the less favorable treatment of a person than another in a comparable situation. †¢ Indirect discrimination: This is discrimination by apparently neutral provision, measure, criterion or practice that affects is a de facto discriminatory way. †¢Harassment: This is violation of the dignity of the person, in particular by creating an environment that is intimidating, hostile, degrading, humiliating or offensive. †¢Sexual harassment: This is harassment based on gender and involving sexual activity (Varoufakis, 2013). The prohibition of indirect discrimination is originally directed to the legislature and to other parties, unless they take collective action , ie working and living conditions, rules, or concretizing the implementation of obligations by measures of collective action. In substance, it comes to punishment method such as discrimination, putting certain groups of people at a disadvantage, while indeed avoiding an explicit designation of prohibited grounds of discrimination. These are created by the choice of seemingly neutral criteria, just to penalize those persons who exhibit features that are prohibited by the Equality Act 2010 (Varoufakis, 2013). Indirect discrimination can be assessed through the following steps: 1.First, a group formation is described by expressly prohibited criteria. For example, the employer differs in a measure between part-time and full-time employees, or a landlord distinguishes between the employed and unemployed, or between self-employed and employees. 2.Subsequently, a group is collectively and directly disadvantaged within the meaning of the Equality Act 2010. This can be done only by the other group that receive benefits or the fact that the group in question is directly treated in a worse manner. For example, part-time employees shall not receive sick pay. 3.If the discrimination against the group is statistically speaking in a special way, those concerns that are to be protected by prohibitions of discrimination. This affects more foreigners than nationals or more women than men because these are the educated and disadvantaged groups relative to the other group that are over-represented. Thus, the offense of indirect discrimination occurs. 4.Indirect discrimination is, however, permissible in exceptional circumstances when this statistical special concern of a protected group is only a by-product of an acceptable target. So if while pursuing the goals of an organization, only loyal employees are given a Christmas bonus, it might be acceptable. This may exclude the temporary workers from payment, even if this measure predominantly affects women (Hargr eaves-Heap, 2012). Assessment of the impact of the Equality Act 2010 on managers and directors of businesses in the United Kingdom: As per the Equality Act 2010, if there are unjustified inequalities, the employee has a right of appeal. The employer must then take appropriate, necessary and reasonable measures to prevent the disadvantage. Steps must be taken against employees who violate the prohibition of discrimination. The steps can involve warning, transfer, dismissal, etc. Also protective measures must be established for employees at a disadvantage (Toikka, 2011). If the relevant employer fails to take inappropriate measures to stop harassment, the employee may refuse to perform. The claim to remuneration remains in this case too. In addition, the employee has a claim for damages which is aimed at compensation for financial damages, unless no fault is attributable to the employer. It is disputed whether this claim comprises also the merit of the unsuccessful candidates. T he employee also has the right to make a compensation claim, of a reasonable monetary compensation for the suffered unequal treatment. The amount of the compensation claim depends inter alia on the nature and severity of the damage of interest, the occasion and the motives of the employer, the duration, the degree of fault of the employer and whether it is a case of recurrence (Hargreaves-Heap, 2012). With respect to the Equality Act 2010, Employers and HR managers need to address the following questions: Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Equality Act 2010" essay for you Create order Who must be protected? Was the operating discrimination indirect / direct, conscious / unconscious / condone, or are there situations in which their occurrence is predictable? What are harassment or discrimination characteristics? Can the disadvantages be justified? In particular, obligations, liability, and compensation claims must be observed. These changes affect the protection, organization and action obligations of the employer, the burden of proof to the detriment of the employer, compensation claims, including injunction proceedings and the complaint and right to refuse performance of the employees. Employers need the new rights of the works council (but not of Staff Council), the necessary revisions for jobs, recruitment and selection, cancellations, new standards for employment contracts, dismissals, social selection, job references note. The new regulations relate to organization, cooperation, leadership, content issues as well as the participation modalities of workers respectively in cooperation with the works council (Hargreaves-Heap, 2012). In the application process, the practice has become common to perform any more reasons for not hiring a candidate. Instead, often a cover letter with return of application documents is incl uded. It has only sample texts such as: Sorry, your application will not be considered. In the decision, the hope of employers plays a central role, no targets for the suspicion offer a case of impermissible discrimination of each candidate before. However, the employer may submit a second application of a fictitious person who can demonstrate a possible discrimination in the application process of the candidates. For example, if the applicant is loaded without a discrimination feature for an interview, the actual candidate is left out. This can act as evidence. This means that the employer must prove, for example, in one trial, that no unlawful discrimination has taken place. The insurance industry is now dealing with the provision of specific policies (so-called Employment Practices Liability). Based on U.K. models, employers are against the risk of a claim by employees and applicants for breach of the Equality Act, in particular to compensation or damage claims. The Equality A ct 2010 is effective in controlling discrimination. However, the churches in UK are beyond the Act. In the case, R (Amicus) v Secretary of State for Trade and Industry, a number of labour unions questioned the fact that the churches were allowed to discriminate people on grounds of sexual orientation, and refused to employ gay men. The court dismissed this claim (Roback, 2012). Part: ii In common law legal system, contract refers to an agreement formed between two or parties in respect to the two or more parties and all the parties involved in the contract are having one or more obligations to each other. In any valid contract, there should be three major elements. The elements are offer, acceptance and consideration (Barnett, 2012). The contracts can be done in writing or verbally. An example of verbal contract is Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company. In case of the breach of a contract, the damages should be given by one party to another. The damages can be in form of monet ary values. In the case given, it can be found that Malcolm wanted to buy a laptop and he wanted to replace his existing laptop. Ruth wanted to sell a laptop for  £500. The cost of a new similar laptop is  £900 and as the laptop offered by Ruth is only six months old, Malcolm thought that it is a great deal but the problem was that Malcolm did not have enough money in hand to buy the laptop. He had  £300 in hand and he needed another  £200 to buy the laptop and he told Ruth that he would buy the laptop if he could arrange the money by borrowing from his friend. Ruth stated that it was fine and she also told that she would keep the offer open for one week i.e. till next Monday at 2PM. So, one thing which is evident in the case is that there has been no contract formed between Malcolm and Ruth that the transaction will be done between them (McKendrick, 2011). As stated above, there are three major elements present in any valid contract. In this case, the offer to sell the lapt op has been made by Ruth. Ruth told to sell the laptop for a price of  £500. It means that the offer is valid. The second element which should be present in any contract is consideration. Malcolm considered the deal and he thought it is a great deal as the similar new laptop costs  £900 and the laptop is only six months old and  £500 is quite a good value for the laptop. So, it is a good deal. The consideration is also valid. An example of consideration can be found in the case of Hyde v Wrench. But, one thing which is evident in the case is that the offer has not been accepted by Malcolm as he stated that he would buy the laptop only if he could arrange the money by borrowing from his hand. No contract has been formed between Malcolm and Ruth stating that Ruth cannot sell the laptop to anyone else other than Malcolm (Fruehwald, 2012). In the case, Malcolm was not sure whether he would be able to buy the laptop or not. As Malcolm did not promise to buy the laptop to Ruth, it c an be stated that no contract has been made between Malcolm and Ruth. It has been stated in the case that Malcolm’s friend stated that he would lend  £200 to Malcolm and Malcolm immediately tried to reach Ruth over telephone but Ruth was not present in home to take the call. Malcolm has conversation with Ruth’s sister and he told her that he has got the money and he would go to Ruth to buy the laptop on Monday morning by 10AM but Ruth’s sister failed to pass the message to Malcolm. It can be stated that the fact that Ruth was not present in the home to take the call is unintentional. Another thing which is evident in the case is that Ruth’s sister failed to inform Ruth about the matter which is an evidence of negligence and Malcolm can sue her for this (Furmston, 2012). Unknowingly about the matter that Malcolm has arranged the money, Ruth told her friend Sophie that she is going to sell the laptop and he offered Sophie to buy the laptop. As there is no contract present between Malcolm and Ruth and Malcolm did not promise to buy the laptop when Ruth had conversation with Malcolm or Malcolm did not give some money as advance and he did not have any legal document, Ruth can sell the laptop to anyone. Ruth told Sophie that she would sell the laptop. There has been a valid contract between Ruth and Sophie as all the major elements of a valid contract is present in the contract between them. The offer has been made by Ruth that she would be selling the laptop and Sophie considered the offer from different aspects and she agreed to buy the laptop and finally, she accepted that offer. Sophie purchased the laptop from Ruth by handing over the money and the contract has been formed between them. On Thursday afternoon, Ruth posted a letter to Malcolm revoking the offer. According to the law of contract, revocation can be considered as a type of remedy for the offeror. As per the UK contract law, an offer can be revoked by the offeror before the offer has been accepted but the offeror should inform the offeree about it. In the case of Malcolm and Ruth, it can be found that Ruth posted a letter to Malcolm immediately after selling the laptop to Sophie. In a case, Brogden v Metropolitan Railway Company, the Railway Company had another way to inform about the revocation. In this case, Ruth did not have a second way to inform about it considering the matter that she did not have the phone number of Malcolm (Atiyah, 2012). So, Malcolm cannot sue Ruth on the grounds that she did not inform Malcolm about the revocation. It is evident in the case that unfortunately on Friday, due to the four days postal strike, the letter was not delivered to Malcolm. The strike was called off suddenly and Ruth did not have any idea about the strike while she posted the letter. So, Malcolm cannot take any type of legal step against Ruth for not informing him about the revocation of the offer. There has not been any breach of contract. So, from the analysis, it can be concluded that there are a number of elements present in a valid contract and in the given case, Malcolm cannot take any legal step against Ruth as no valid contract has been made between them. After the offer has been given to Malcolm by Ruth, Malcolm neither accepted the offer nor did he promise to purchase the laptop in a specific time period. He only stated that he would buy the laptop if he could arrange the money from her friend. If Malcolm had given some money as advance to Ruth and a contract has been made based on that then Malcolm could sue Ruth for revoking the offer but in this case, nothing has been made as such. So, Ruth sold the laptop to her friend, Sophie, who accepted the offer immediately after the offer has been made by Ruth. Ruth also followed all the terms present in a valid contract. A valid contract was also formed between the Ruth and Sophie which is legally correct. As stated above, Malcolm cannot also sue Ruth for revocati on of the offer as she tried to inform Malcolm about the revocation but due to the sudden postal strike, the letter did not arrive to Malcolm which is entirely unintentional.

Cinderella Man and the Great Depression - 837 Words

James J. Braddock once said, I have to believe that once things are bad, I have to change them. The movie Cinderella Man is about Braddock rising from a poor, unsuccessful boxer to the heavyweight boxing champion of the world. The historical background to his life and career was during the same time period as the Great Depression. James Braddock was not always the boxer he is now known to be, in the 1920’s he had lost one third of his fights and people referred to him as a â€Å"bum† which is the lowest name you could label a boxer at the time. Despite a broken hand and the hatred the crowd brought upon him, Braddock never hesitated to do his best on the rink. However, when the Great Depression began, Braddock lost his money, job, and for†¦show more content†¦Mae Braddock loved her husband very much, rich or poor she wanted no one other than James J. Braddock. They had three children, James, Howard and Rosemarie. When sickness threatened one of their children’s life, Mae decided to send their kids away to a home where she thought they would be safer. A disappointed and defeated Jim disagreed with Mae’s decision andShow MoreRelatedCinderella Man And The Great Depression991 Words   |  4 Pagesyet laborious, time for The United States as the country faced the Roaring Twenties, Great Depression and New Deal. Before the Great Depression, the United States have been a time of prosperity and originality. Products were affordable and Americans were living comfortably. Once Nineteen Twenty Nine arrived, the stock market had crashed, unemployment was at a new high, and millions of citizens were losing great deals of money. Fortunately, the N ew Deal, created by Franklin D. Roosevelt, was a solutionRead MoreEssay on The Great Depression and the Cinderella Man 896 Words   |  4 PagesCinderella Man came out in the year 2005, it is a non fiction movie directed by Ron Howard. It is based on the story of a boxer during the Depression, James J. Braddock. Braddock had to over come many adversities such as the economical and societal conditions. Another adversity he had to overcome was living in the Depression and all the things that go along with that. Braddock’s character traits shown in the movie are all important and appropriate due to the harshness of those times. Read MoreThe Great Depression in Cinderella Man Essay1592 Words   |  7 PagesThe Great Depression is seen as one of the most sorrowful and desolate times in the history of the United States. This time was the longest period of recession ever seen by this nation so far. It lasted from 1929 to 1939, over ten years of complete confusion and despondency within the people. Many Americans were affected greatly by this tragic time and sacrificed much of their lives so that they and their families may have the chance to live. This act of desperation can be seen throughout the movieRead MoreSimilarities Between Cinderella Man And The Great Depression703 Words   |  3 Pagesdifferent from life in the Great Depression. In the 20’s life was amazing. Wealth was being spread and the parties never stopped. It was all over when the stock market crashed in 1929. Banks closed and everyone lost their money. The movie Cinderella Man showed how life changed for boxer James Braddock. He was a famous boxer during the twenties. The movie showed the struggles he went through when the Depression hit. He lost his job and barely made it by. Cinderella Man shows James Braddock being onRead MoreCinderella Man Analysis763 Words   |  4 PagesThe film Cinderella Man tells the story of a man living through major events of the early 1900s. As the plot drives forward it touches on specific events in history that happened during the time period from the perspective of James Braddock, a man trying to help his family through the harsh times primarily through boxing. These historic events range in chronological order from the 1920s to the New Deal set forth by Franklin D. Roosevelt. Cinderella Man eloquently depicts the events of the early 1900sRead MoreEssay about Cinderella Man 701 Words   |  3 PagesCinderella Man is a flim based on the rise of World Championship boxer James Braddock. Braddocks life was affected heavily by the great depression, and the film does well to sh ow this. The film also does a good job of chronicling the life of the everyday man during the great depression. This essay aims to discuss the role of the stock market crash in the beginning of the great depression, the effects of the depression on the life of the everyday man, and the effects of the depression on the lifeRead MoreEssay on Great Depression973 Words   |  4 PagesGreat Depression â€Å"No one can possibly have lived through the Great Depression without being scarred by it. No amount of experience since the depression can convince someone who has lived through it that the world is safe economically.† was once stated by Isaac Asimov. The Great Depression was one of the horrific and troubling times of American history. Many homes were affected by this tragedy and many families were broken as a result of it. Man had the opportunity to prove himself by both continuingRead MoreCinderella Man Analysis1474 Words   |  6 PagesCinderella Man Heroes aren’t born, they are made. Heroes are not the people who always win and get their way in life, but rather they fight back from their substantial failures and losses. James Braddock was an inspirational hero that citizens suffering through the Great Depression looked up to for motivation and hope in the film, Cinderella Man. He inspired Americans to strive forward and not give up as they witnessed him overcome many hardships that related to their own personal struggles. TheRead MoreMovie Critique : Cinderella Man1529 Words   |  7 PagesFilm Critique: Cinderella Man Set during the Great Depression, Ron Howard’s Cinderella Man follows the life story of James J. â€Å"Cinderella Man† Braddock, a supposedly washed-up boxer who came back to become a champion and inspiration that represented the hopes and aspirations of the American public in the 1930s. Despite the conditions Braddock and his family were forced to live through during this difficult time, Braddock’s love and devotion to his family fueled his desire to keep his family togetherRead MoreBlack Tuesday865 Words   |  4 PagesThe stock market crash, October 29, 1929 this is also known as Black Tuesday. The Great Depression was an economic slump in North America and Europe. The industrialized Western world had experienced the most ruthless and prolonged depression. Cinderella Man is only one example of how families struggle and overcame the great depression. You will see how this effective many Americans. Why the stock market crashed, was due to two factors, economic and financial. For example economic factors

Change Essay Free Essays

Change Essay All change has consequences. In Abraham Lincoln’s Gettysburg address 1863, John F. Kennedy’s 1961 Inaugural Speech 1963 and â€Å"Forgotten Jelly† by Megan Jacobson a story from the perspective of an overweight girl who is blinded by her attitude from her friend’s battle with anorexia, both the positive and negative consequences of change are explored. We will write a custom essay sample on Change Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The effects of change are demonstrated in many different ways, however, they all attempt to convey a central aspect of change; that all change has ramifications. As highlighted in Lincoln’s Gettysburg address, he conveys to the audience that they must put aside their differences and instead draw on the heritage that they share. His phrase â€Å"our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation† unites the audience as they ponder their similarities with the South. Kennedy’s Inaugural Address also reflects on the history shared by all Americans as he attempts to unite them behind the goal of world peace in the context of the Cold War â€Å"We are the heirs of the first revolution†¦ Let the word go forth that the torch has passed to a new generation of Americans†. This utilization of emotive language aims to unify of all America by provoking their natural patriotism. The greatest barrier to change can be our sense of self. Jacobson’s â€Å"Forgotten Jelly† explores this through the eyes of an overweight girl who fails to recognise the trauma her friend is going through. Jacobson employs hyperbole to convey to the reader how self-obsessed the narrator is. â€Å"Body quaking more than Tokyo† suggests that she wants to draw focus to herself. It also supports how badly damaged her self body image is. This is also explained by Lincoln when he invokes the â€Å"great civil war† America is engaged in, which he is not sure the nation can endure. Lincoln varies his sentences to emphasise the importance of the crossroads the nation is at and how they must look beyond themselves to a bigger picture. This notion is illuminated in his words â€Å"but in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate. † A united will can effect great change. In Kennedy’s Inaugural Address he knew he must inspire his people to enable them to help bring peace throughout the world. The United States was again at a crossroads with the Cold War at its height, Kennedy had become president by the narrowest of margins in history. His speech represents a turning point as nearly 75% of Americans expressed approval of Kennedy following his address. Kennedy immediately invoked both God and the shared heritage of the American citizens, to immediately unite his audience behind his call to unity as well as infusing his speech with a sense of higher purpose. I have sworn before you and Almighty God the same solemn oath our forebears prescribed. † Similarly, Lincoln is the leader of a country at a critical point, the civil war has dragged on for several years. He invokes the Declaration of Independence the most sacred text in America to emphasise the fact that they must unite, before they destroy themselves. His reliance on inclusive language, specifically the word â€Å"we† which threads throughout the speech, binds the audience to a shared goal, it is as if th e speaker in in effect all Americans. Lincoln also employs biblical referencing â€Å"fourscore and seven years ago†, the elegant ring of the biblical phrasing draws his audience to him as if he represents a form of higher power. Change can have both positive and negative consequences. This idea is conveyed in all three texts. Lincoln explains that the positive aspects will be that all men will be equal after the completion of the war. However, he also expresses regret that it has come to the point where people must give their lives so that everyone can be treated justly. This idea is underscored in the quote â€Å"All men are created equal†¦ those here gave their lives so that that nation may live. † Kennedy too notes that change has brought about many great endeavours as well as the â€Å"power to abolish all forms of human poverty. † He does express concern over that fact that mankind â€Å"has the power to abolish all forms of human life. † And Jacobson reflects on how the persona is now able to realise that she is not the centre of the universe, she is now able to help her friend in her darkest hour and become a better person for it. No-one noticed me†¦ I didn’t notice me. † This places in the spotlight the mental change she undertakes by employing repetition to highlight the fact. Change does not always come easily and can take time to accomplish. The complexity of change is emphasised by both Kennedy and Lincoln. Kennedy, whilst uniting his people behind him in a pledge for world peace explains that t his change may not even happen in our lifetime. â€Å"This will not be finished in the first 100 days†¦ The first 1000 days†¦ Nor perhaps in our lifetime on the planet. But let us begin. † This draws his people in to him with the utilization of prepetition to illustrate the fact they can be world leaders. Lincoln conveys this message through the phrase â€Å"dedicated to the great task remaining before us† which employs high modality to illuminate that while they are dedicating this war cemetery to the dead. They must remember that their duty is to the living and fostering a better world for the future generations. Accordingly, change has consequences, both positive and negative. Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address that when resisted it can undermine national unity and indeed perpetuate war. Change can also be embraced positively not only by a certain group of people, but the whole world as represented in Kennedy’s Inaugural Address. Change can come without choice and lead to new insights, as revealed in Jacobson’s â€Å"Forgotten Jelly. † Change transforms, be it mental or physical, individual or universal it allows people to grow. Word count 1,131 By Jim Nash How to cite Change Essay, Essay examples

Role Of Music In The Treatment Of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity

Question: Discuss about the Role Of Music In The Treatment Of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity. Answer: Introduction Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental mental disorder that affects the attention paying ability of teens and kids around the world. The symptoms of this disease generally appears after the age of twelve and it may result in decreased performance in school, cognitive ability, impairment. However, according to some researchers, distractions such as music and volume has enhancing effects on the cognitive development of the children suffering from ADHD (Cahill et al., 2012). In this critical analysis, a research design to answer the proposed research questions is going to be discussed. Relevancy of that with some recent research literatures are going to be discussed. Research question The prime aim of the research is to find out the relationship between music and reduction in the adverse effects of ADHD in children. The use of medication to treat the patients with ADHD can lead to several negative effects as well. Children some time suffer with loss of appetite, sleepless ness, mood swings, and headaches and so on. Therefore, the need for interventions to treat the disorder with some effective ways other than medication has increased (Zhang et al., 2012). This critical analysis proposed few research questions regarding ADHD and such as- What is the role of music therapy in the treatment of ADHD? Which one is associated with lower level of impulsivity, rock or country music? What is the association music intervention with lower level of impulsivity on ADHD? Further, a research design to find the answers to these research questions has been mentioned in the next section of this analysis. Research designs To find the answers of the proposed research questions, a proper research design need to be created. The research design that has been chosen for this research topic in quantitative research study. Randomized Clinical Trial or RCT will be used for the research (Neff Germer, 2013). The sampling, methodology and process are going to be discussed. Sampling The sampling method, that has been chosen for sample population is probability-sampling technique. In this technique, every individual in the public bears a chance to be selected as a member in the RCT study. Within this technique, a random selection process will be carried out to select the children for trial group as well as the control group. The prime advantage of this sampling technique is that, it represents the entire population due to its random selection method. Methodology After the selection of the population for the randomized control trial, the members will be divided into two groups, namely intervention group and the control group. Total 50 children will be selected for the intervention research within which, 25 children will be a part of intervention team, and other 25 will be a part of control team. The intervention team will go through the music intervention. Few of them will listen to rock music whereas others will listen to country music. The other group will not be a part of intervention and will continue the medication only. Process and timeline The research process will be survey based and the participants will fill the survey questionnaire thrice during the research. Firstly, before commencement of research so that the initial cognitive and responsive ability of the population can be assessed. Secondly, in between of the interventions. This will help to understand the short time effect of the intervention applied. Finally, the third survey will be carried out while finishing the intervention. The survey will contain some questions to assess the cognitive as well as attention paying ability. The timeframe of the research will depend upon the sample population. The research will be carried out for 6 months and the surveys will be conducted in the first, fourth and sixth month of the intervention, as per the rules of Randomized Control Trial (RCT). The flow diagram for the research design has been mentioned in the appendix. Relevancy to public health background of the research literature reviews According to some recent research articles, they have also found the randomized control trail or RCT useful for the experiment about music intervention. Cogo-Moreira et al. (2013) uses RCT to find out the ability of music to increase cognitive development and attention paying ability. 235 children were selected in that RCT method within which 114 were given the intervention, and 121 children were participated as control for the study. The method to analyze the intervention was according to the study. They used two different analysis techniques to confirm the results. On the other hand, Mehr et al. (2013) also used the RCT to understand the effect of music and art on the cognition ability of children. They selected 29 children of four-year age for the intervention and another 29 for the control. They provided those children with music classes of 45 minutes for four months. Simultaneously, they were tested for their numeric and analytical abilities, and therefore they were able to coll ect the result on spot. These papers shows that RCT will be relevant and appropriate to find out the results of the proposed research questions of this discussion. Gaps found in the recent research The first research done by Cogo-Moreira et al. (2013), used RCT technique to assess the effect of music intervention in the cognitive development of children affected with ADHD. However, it had few research gaps. Such as, some of the population children were learning music from a younger age with school studies; therefore, the result was note solely because of the music intervention. Some students were accustomed to such situation hence; the argument is not properly justified. On the other hand, research by Mehr et al. (2013) also had few research gaps. The first gap was providing students either arts or music class. This hinders the researchers to compare the effect of intervention. Secondly, the statistical process they used for the evaluation of the data was weak and unable to collect the exact data. Conclusion Globally around 4.6 million children between the ages of 4 to 17 have been reported of having ADHD and are unable to perform, that is affecting their self-esteem. According to the Australian Guideline on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (2009) reports, 6.8 percent of children in Australia is suffering from ADHD and medication is showing adverse effect on them. Therefore, need for an alternative intervention has forced researchers to see music as an intervention to increase the cognitive strengths in kids. This analysis creates a research design using RCT as a technique to answer the research questions that has been proposed. References Cahill, B. S., Coolidge, F. L., Segal, D. L., Klebe, K. J., Marle, P. D., Overmann, K. A. (2012). Prevalence of ADHD and its subtypes in male and female adult prison inmates.Behavioral Sciences the Law,30(2), 154-166. Cogo-Moreira, H., de Avila, C. R. B., Ploubidis, G. B., de Jesus Mari, J. (2013). Effectiveness of music education for the improvement of reading skills and academic achievement in young poor readers: a pragmatic cluster-randomized, controlled clinical trial.PloS one,8(3), e59984. Mehr, S. A., Schachner, A., Katz, R. C., Spelke, E. S. (2013). Two randomized trials provide no consistent evidence for nonmusical cognitive benefits of brief preschool music enrichment.PloS one,8(12), e82007. Neff, K. D., Germer, C. K. (2013). A pilot study and randomized controlled trial of the mindful self?compassion program.Journal of clinical psychology,69(1), 28-44. Zhang, F., Liu, K., An, P., You, C., Teng, L., Liu, Q. (2012). Music therapy for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents.The Cochrane Library.

Space Exploration (1906 words) Essay Example For Students

Space Exploration (1906 words) Essay Space ExplorationSPACE EXPLORATION: FROM THE PAST TO THE FUTUREEver since the beginning of time, mankind has been fascinated with wonders of space. Before the mid-1900s, all mankind could do was gaze at the stars from Earth and wonder what it would be like to go into space. Man would look through telescopes and make theories on how the universe worked. During the mid-1900s, mankind finally was able to send a man into space and explore the wonders of space first hand. So why do humans explore space? Well, it is our fascination with the unknown. At first, all mankind did was look up and wonder how things became what they are now. We started to think that all celestial bodies revolved around the Earth, and the Earth was the center of the entire universe. Galileo Galelie later disproved this theory. Even with growing knowledge in the field, it was not until 1957 when the first Earth orbiter, the Soviet’s Sputnik 1, was sent into space and placed in orbit at an altitude of 1,370 miles and weighed 184 pounds. Later in that year, the Soviets sent Sputnik 2 into space with a dog named Laika. Laika was the first animal to venture into space. Then in 1985, the United States successfully sent their very own satellite into space. In 1960, the Soviets launched to dogs into space and successfully returned them to Earth. We will write a custom essay on Space Exploration (1906 words) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now From this point started the space race. The space race was a challenge between the USSR and the United States to see who could land a man on the moon first. In 1961, the first man in space was cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin who was in space for 60 minutes before returning to Earth in Vostok 1 and was sent by the USSR. Astronaut Shepard flew the first manned sub-orbital space-flight by the Americans. The first true American orbital flight was by John Glen and he stayed in space for five hours in Mercury 6 in 1962. Then in 1963, the USSR sent the first woman into space; her name was Valentina Tereshkova-Nikaleva. They also had the first person to take a space-walk in 1965. In 1968, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration or NASA tested the first Saturn 5 rocket, which would be used for the Apollo missions. The first manned Apollo missions and the first flight around the moon took place in 1968. Finally, on July 21, 1969, the United States placed the first man on the moon winning the space race. The challenge for mankind at present is placing a human on Mars. We have already sent probes on to Mars and roamed some of its terrain with the rover known as Sojourner. Sojourner was taken to Mars on NASA‘s Mars Pathfinder and was the first wheeled vehicle to operate on another planetary surface. The Mars pathfinder sent photographs, atmospheric measurements, and a few other important data that will contribute to taking a man to Mars. While pathfinder sent data, Sojourner examined rocks and soil samples with a camera and Alpha Proton X-ray Spectrometer, providing useful data on chemical compositions and radiation bounced back from rocks and dust. The mission finally ended when the Pathfinder stopped responding to commands from NASA. NASA has sent two other probes to Mars, but both malfunctioned and were destroyed on impact on the Martian surface. The US and a few other countries have joined together and are constructing the International Space Station or the ISS. The ISS is scheduled to be completed in 2004 and will be continuously occupied by up to seven crewmembers. The space station is envisioned to be a world-class research facility in which scientist can study Earth and space, as well as explore the medical effects of long durations of weightlessness in space and the behavior of materials in a weightlessness environment, and the practicality of space manufacturing techniques. .u21c7459d13a92173979b8cdd7207c963 , .u21c7459d13a92173979b8cdd7207c963 .postImageUrl , .u21c7459d13a92173979b8cdd7207c963 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u21c7459d13a92173979b8cdd7207c963 , .u21c7459d13a92173979b8cdd7207c963:hover , .u21c7459d13a92173979b8cdd7207c963:visited , .u21c7459d13a92173979b8cdd7207c963:active { border:0!important; } .u21c7459d13a92173979b8cdd7207c963 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u21c7459d13a92173979b8cdd7207c963 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u21c7459d13a92173979b8cdd7207c963:active , .u21c7459d13a92173979b8cdd7207c963:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u21c7459d13a92173979b8cdd7207c963 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u21c7459d13a92173979b8cdd7207c963 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u21c7459d13a92173979b8cdd7207c963 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u21c7459d13a92173979b8cdd7207c963 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u21c7459d13a92173979b8cdd7207c963:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u21c7459d13a92173979b8cdd7207c963 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u21c7459d13a92173979b8cdd7207c963 .u21c7459d13a92173979b8cdd7207c963-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u21c7459d13a92173979b8cdd7207c963:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Young Goodman Brown, By Nathaniel Hawthorne, Is A Story That Is Thick EssayNow, the future of space exploration depends on many factors. Some of these factors are as followed: how much technology advances, how political forces change rivalries as well as partnerships with other nations, and how important space exploration is to the general public. NASA is working on a single-stage-to-orbit (SSTO) vehicle, but until it is until then, NASA plans to us the space shuttle fleet to the year 2012. It is clear that mankind has devoted itself to the exploration of the unknown and that we are committed to find new planets on which man cal live and prosper. Missiles were first used t o take man into space. In the Gemini and Mercury missions, missiles without warheads and a compartment for the astronauts was used to get into space. On the other hand, the Saturn 5 Rockets were used in the Apollo missions to reach orbit and land on the moon. This method became too expensive so NASA was forced to develop a reusable space craft. As a result, NASA designed the space shuttle, which is used today. The shuttle takes off like a rocket with an external fuel tank and two solid rocket boosters. The two rocket boosters, which are attached to the external fuel tank, provide additional thrust during lift off and are discarded after first two minutes from take off. They are then retrieved from the ocean to be fixed, refueled, and reused. The external fuel tank supply additional fuel to the three onboard engines and is detached from the shuttle, orbiter, after reaching orbit. Another spacecraft is the X-33 is a single stage orbiter and a smaller version of the venture star. Both of these crafts will be launched like a shuttle but without any additional boosters. They will be able to land, get refueled and loaded with cargo, positioned vertically, and take off within hours. It will make travel to space faster, safer and cheaper. The two crafts will use the spike engine that allows the craft to reach orbit without gong through different stages during lift off. The X-33 and the Venture Star will allow companies to put satellites in orbit for a cheaper cost. Space travel does take its effect on humans. Piloted space flights have to supply oxygen, food, and water for their occupants and even longer flights need to have a way to dispose of or recycle waste. The even longer flights, spacecrafts will eventually need to become mostly self-sufficient. The astronauts will have to exercise and since the astronauts will be weightless, the shuttle will need to provide more than just the core physical needs for the astronauts to stay healthy. The weight of the craft is so important that it plays a crucial role in the amount of food supplied by the spacecraft. Most food provided to the astronauts is dehydrated, which is rehydrated by a device that is some what like a water gun, to save space as well as weight. However, some foods are given in their conventional form such as fruits, candy, and bread. Water is usually provided by fuel cells that also provide electricity to the whole ship. The reaction between Hydrogen and oxygen provides the electricity and creates water as well. A small amount of water is also carried onboard in case of emergencies. Water is also recycled on long duration missions aboard space stations. In this process, drinkable water is extracted from a combination of waste water, urine, and moister from the atmosphere in the cabin. This system will be recycled was used on the MIR space station and is planned to be used on the International Space Station. Skylab, the first US space station, was the fist to offer its crew a chance to bathe in space by installing a collapsible shower. To prevent water from escaping and floating around the cabin, the astronauts sealed the shower once inside. Astronauts had a hand-held nozzle to dispense water and then a vacuum to remove the water. On the space shuttle on Mir, where the showers malfunctioned, astronauts and cosmonauts have had to take sponge bathes in order to stay clean. On the International Space Station, showers will be provided in the habitual module. .u79b230dbc519f2fbb7a7ff8fb500844d , .u79b230dbc519f2fbb7a7ff8fb500844d .postImageUrl , .u79b230dbc519f2fbb7a7ff8fb500844d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u79b230dbc519f2fbb7a7ff8fb500844d , .u79b230dbc519f2fbb7a7ff8fb500844d:hover , .u79b230dbc519f2fbb7a7ff8fb500844d:visited , .u79b230dbc519f2fbb7a7ff8fb500844d:active { border:0!important; } .u79b230dbc519f2fbb7a7ff8fb500844d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u79b230dbc519f2fbb7a7ff8fb500844d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u79b230dbc519f2fbb7a7ff8fb500844d:active , .u79b230dbc519f2fbb7a7ff8fb500844d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u79b230dbc519f2fbb7a7ff8fb500844d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u79b230dbc519f2fbb7a7ff8fb500844d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u79b230dbc519f2fbb7a7ff8fb500844d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u79b230dbc519f2fbb7a7ff8fb500844d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u79b230dbc519f2fbb7a7ff8fb500844d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u79b230dbc519f2fbb7a7ff8fb500844d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u79b230dbc519f2fbb7a7ff8fb500844d .u79b230dbc519f2fbb7a7ff8fb500844d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u79b230dbc519f2fbb7a7ff8fb500844d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Religion Of Huckleberry Finn Essay PaperMost piloted spacecrafts carry their oxygen in the liquid state of matter in onboard tanks that keep the oxygen at cryogenic or super-cold temperatures to save space on the craft. The Russian space station MIR used special onboard generators to separate water into oxygen and hydrogen. On the Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo missions, the cabin atmosphere consisted of one hundred percent oxygen. This gave the cabin a pressure of 0.3 kg/sq cm (about 5 lbs/sq in). However, on the space shuttle and the MIR space station, the atmosphere is a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen to provide an atmospheric pressure of 1.01 kg/sq cm (14.5 lbs/sq in) , which is slightly lower than that of sea level. Before an astronaut could go on space walks, astronauts and cosmonauts had to breathe pure oxygen to rid their bloodstreams of nitrogen. This eliminated the chance that the space walker would get decompression sickness because of the different pressures from the space suit and the cabin. Since the suit had a pressure of 0.30 kg/sq. cm, the sudden decompression would cause nitrogen bubbles to form in the bloodstream and other bodily organs and would result in a painful and potentially lethal condition. This atmospheric mixture is planned to be used in the International Space Station. A problem with micro gravity and weightlessness is that in long duration missions in this type of environment creates problems with the muscles weakening. In space, muscles do not have to exert much force to move and in turn get weaker. This creates a problem with a mission to Mars, the long duration in a weightless environment will weaken the muscles and when craft lands on Mars, the crew will have a difficult time adjusting to the new environment and completing their jobs. To make this problem less severe, scientist are working on a way to create artificial gravity. This will make the environment in which the astronauts travel in more like that of Earth, so when the crew lands on Mars, they will have an easier time adjusting to the gravity of Mars. Space exploration has come a long way since the beginning. mankind has gone to the moon and back, we have sent probes to the furthest reaches of our solar system, we have sent a robot to roam the Martian terrain, we have made spaceships that are reusable, and we can see other galaxies that are billions of light years away. Now we brainstorm on how to explore space even further. Man kind is destined to go to the far reaches of the universe and make contact with other life forms. With all things considered, humans are not far from colonizing space. Bibliographyâ€Å"Space Exploration.† Encarta Encyclopedia. October 2000. Available: http://encata.msn.com/â€Å"NASA Plans to Continue X-33 Space Plane Plan.† NASA. October 2000 Available: http://www.nasa.gov/today/index.htmlâ€Å"NASA, Lockheed Martin Agree on X-33 Plan.† Mission Updates. October 2000 Available: http://www.venturestar.com/pages/missupd/pressrel/2000/09290001.htmlâ€Å"X-33 Space Plane Program Moves Ahead.† X-33 News. October 2000 Available: http://www.x33news.com/ or http://www1.msfc.nasa.gov/NEWSROOM/news/releases/2000/00-284.htmlâ€Å"Space Exploration.† Academic American Encyclopedia. pg. 120-120c. copyright 1998Science Essays