The Internet Completely Revolutionized The Computer Industry

The introduction of the Internet completely revolutionized the computer industry. The Internet gave people the ability to communicate with one another all over the world in record amounts of time. Today, we use the internet in our everyday lives and almost take it for granted. Therefore, it’s important to dive into the history of the development of the Internet to understand it’s past, present and potential for the future. There were two main historical developments that led to the development of the World Wide Web. Starting in 1930, writer and futurist HG Wells came up with the idea of a â€Å"World Brain.† In explaining his idea he said, â€Å"The time is close at hand when any student, in any part of the world, will be able to sit with his projector in his own study at his or her own convenience to examine any book, any document, in an exact replica† (Campell-Kelly, 19). HG Wells’ concept was revolutionary at the time, however, there were still many technological developments that needed to be created in order to make his concept come to life. It was not until after the World War 2 that Vannevar Bush, an MIT graduate, brought Wells’ idea to the United States in order to compliment what he deemed as â€Å"an information explosion.† War typically instigated the need for technological advancements and in 1949 during the Cold War, the United States invested in a new ai r defense system called SAGE. SAGE was first deployed in 1962 and was utterly revolutionary at the time. SAGE was ableShow MoreRelatedMicrosoft Offices Word Program1464 Words   |  6 PagesMicrosoft revolutionized the way the modern economy works with his work on the computer. Microsoft would develop software that would be used around the world by billions of people, making Microsoft a cornerstone of the modern economy. 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Leadership and Change Paper Free Essays

string(99) " around for years and grown to be a global automotive industry leader based in Dearborn, Michigan\." One of the greatest challenges for any professional as they travel their career journey is to deal with changes in the workplace. Changes can occur in the workplace at any time. Although some changes in the workplace are carefully planned by an organization as a budgeted path of growth and development, the majority of changes in the workplace can often occur unexpectedly and without warning. We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership and Change Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now In either situation, a wise professional will make the necessary adjustments to their own business approach in order to blend in seamlessly with their organization’s changes. Too often, the first signal of change that comes from the leadership team of an organization that has taken over is the uncertainty of the company. The team synopsis includes a case study and three companies selected to provide issues of what each company is facing regarding leadership problems. The first synopsis is a case study based on orthopedic surgery and family practice. The three companies chosen were Olin Pool Products, Ford Motor Company and Northwest Airline. The scenario will identify change models for both short-term, small-scale, as well as long-term, large-scale changes. The paper will further evaluate the implications of different leadership styles on the change management process and evaluate the influence of leadership on management practices. Next, the paper will consider the factors that contribute to a long-term commitment to change within the organization and appraise future leadership challenges. Lastly, our conclusion will select leadership styles for a given situation base on the synopsis. Synopsis – Alejandra Guerrero Transformational Leadership: A Case Study A joint venture between two health care systems was formed in 1999, combining one system based on orthopedic surgery and the other specializing in family practice. The objective of this combination was to have both health care systems in one single location; therefore, creating one of the largest state-of-the-art rehabilitation health care facilities in the Midwest. According to the author of the case study â€Å"A newly formed department got off to a rocky start with varying corporate cultures, a faulty organizational structure, and declining morale. Here’s how new leadership helped turn the situation around† (Winans, Ronda, July 2005). Cultural and psychological differences, and having two co-directors, resulted in separating the facility rather than effectively uniting both health care systems. Physical differences also arose as the facility was designed to suit both practices; as a result, each group began operating on opposite sides, another division. In addition, each group had differences on how to approach treatments, with both practices unwilling to share concepts that could eliminate clinical issues. Morale within the two practices decreased as the years progressed and as a result, faculty turnover staff increased. During this time, an employee within the facility conducted an employee satisfaction survey, resulting in what was already known with the employees and expected by management. The employees rated scores that measured management effectiveness low; and there were high results indicating that employees would seek employment with other health care companies. A need for change was required after three years with an existing culture that had been negatively ingrained to all of the employees within the facility. The change would include a model of having a single manager with oversight from a director in order to help solve previous conflicting issues with two separate practices. Radical changes included an emphasis on employee satisfaction, stronger commitment to employees, and a focus on the outcome of better patient care. Synopsis: How to lead revolution: How Doug Cahill got everyone into the pool The general manager at Olin Pool Products, Doug Cahill, recognized the need for radical change. Profits were low with pressure on margins and a loss of market share to competitors, along with poor customer satisfaction and orders shipping late. There were many reasons to blame for the losses of Olin Pool Products during the early 1990’s, however one of the root causes came from Cahill insisting on blaming the process of how each person did their job. Cahill soon realized that people were not the problem; it was the company structure and how it was being operated. As a result, fourteen departments were reduced to eight process teams, and they included the crucial areas of fulfillment, new products, and resources. Cahill converted managers into future coaches that would assist in transforming leaders within each department. At the core of the new organizational chart were the customers. Cahill conducted a test with each new future coach. Each coach was given four dollar bills and was told plan a group dinner. An incentive of free dinning was included for the coach that would get the job done for three dollars a person. Specific rules of the test were provided and the coaches started to assist the best way to make the dinner in order to meet the objective of three dollars a person. Meeting their goal with a specific budget. Underlying this concept is that the departments were being eliminated along with titles. This in turn forced the coaches to be responsible for their actual work and not just the job. Radical change within Olin Pool Products came as the result of a plant fire, destroying crucial inventory needed for the beginning of the pool season. Cahill used his influence in finding replacement products from a plant in Brazil. Along with getting the factory back up, and salvaging any product that was not damaged from the fire, Cahill most importantly made a plea to the customers, asking them to understand why their products were not being delivered as promised. Finally, with no blame game to deal with, each coach had the motivation, experience, and knowledge of how to best overcome the tragedy and bring about success. Synopsis – Tresa Rucker Ford Motor Company The automotive industry has taken a turn for the worst based on the rising cost of fuel and consumer preference for economical transportation. According to Ford’s website, â€Å"Ford Motor Company has been around for years and grown to be a global automotive industry leader based in Dearborn, Michigan. You read "Leadership and Change Paper" in category "Papers" Ford manufactures and distributes automobiles in 200 markets across six continents. With about 300,000 employees and 108 plants worldwide, the company’s core and affiliated automotive brands include Ford, Jaguar, Land Rover, Lincoln, Mazda, Mercury, and Volvo. † (Ford 2007) According to a CBS News article, Curtis Giles is a union representative but with the impact of his responsibilities, the position could be viewed as a management job. Giles is helping production workers at Ford Motor Co. ’s Michigan Truck Plant solve work related problems and maintain a high quality product. Ford, along with other automakers, has been struggling with the sales of SUVs. Due to the high cost of fuel, consumers are choosing not to purchase SUVs, which are known for poor fuel efficiency. Ford has borrowed billions to restructure as gas prices continue to increase and consumers are looking to purchase more fuel-efficient models. Curtis Giles started with Ford as a teenager, which was 19 years ago. According to the article, Giles stated, â€Å"it was a good stable job that would help support his family. † (CBS News 2007) Giles holds membership with the United Auto Workers, but the reputation of the union has steadily lost influence and membership in the U. S. over the years. Many workers have indicated that the support of the union simply does not exist as it used to be. Toyota has specifically avoided unionization partly because the plants are primarily built in rural or poverty areas where the people are just appreciative for the jobs and not familiar or accustomed to the role of unions. Ford leadership goals have changed to switch the primary focus to producing a quality product and providing workers with better training. Giles further stated that the workers at the plant recently approved a competitive operating agreement allowing work rule changes that make the workplace more competitive. Are there leadership problems at Ford? Can they be resolved to benefit the employees as well as the consumers? Northwest Airlines The airline industry has been hurt by the war, terrorism, and high oil prices. The airline industry has continued to struggle since the Sept. 11 attacks. Recently, in the news there have been several airlines, which have been restructured because of bankruptcies, mergers, and acquisition. According to the web site flightstats. com, Northwest canceled 127 flights of its 1,424 scheduled flights Monday, or 9 percent. Northwest Airlines just came out of bankruptcy, and Northwest pilots were limited to working only 90 hours a month. The pilots are now overworked due to the long hours and lack of staffing. Northwest Airlines has come to realize that they need to call back more pilots in order to survive with scheduling additional flights. However, the pilots that are called off furlough must be retrained before he or she can fly the aircraft, resulting in crew scheduling delays and inconsistent flight schedules. Leadership at Northwest must recognize that by cancelling flights the company leaves the consumer wondering if Northwest Airlines is dependable when making their travel and flight arrangements. Due to the bankruptcy, Northwest Airlines has restructured the organization. As a result, leadership often undergoes changes to better position the company as a structured and effective organization. The leadership is now a combination of both new and previous board members, which will result in a diversity of expertise and leadership ability to Northwest. The reorganization will help the company repositions itself to be a strong, and profitable company going forward. Change Models for Short-Term, Small Scale and Long-Term Large Scale Changes The Fred Fiedler model is said to be the oldest and most widely known of situational leadership. Fiedler believes that leaders are either task or relationship motivators (Kreitner-Kinicki, 2003). The leadership case study appointed a department coordinator that resulted in combining two practices. Gaining the trust back from each practice was an easy task to accomplish by completing simple human resource issues, such as the ability for employees to request new address changes on their paychecks. Positive actions taken by the new department coordinator established keeping immediate promises and cementing them by fulfilling longer-term commitments to the employees. Olin Pool Products’ organizational restructure involved radical change from the several separate departmental layers into teams with coaches. By eliminating titles and departments, Cahill forced each team coach to collaborate and work together. Each team member was given the freedom of assisting other departments as long as the work was being done, with an emphasis on results. Long-term commitments were formed and carried through resulting in bonuses to be given by division profit, not just on departmental goals. Ford Motor Company and Northwest Airlines have decided the old style of leadership is invalid due to technology and competition. Ford has determined that their new style will keep the organization more competitive in the auto industry. However, Ford may just be a little late in the process. According to the reading, traditional pyramid-shaped organizations, conforming to the old-style pattern tends to be too slow, inflexible, whereas the new styles are customer focused, and dedicated to continuous improvement and learning. (Kreitner Kinicki 2004) Implications of Different Leadership Styles on Change Management Process The two different leadership styles are transactional and charismatic. According to the reading, â€Å"transactional leadership focuses on interpersonal transaction between managers and employees. Charismatic can produce significant organizational change and results because it ‘transforms’ employees to pursue organizational goals in lieu of self-interests†. (Kreitner Kinicki 2004) Based on the two types of leadership styles Ford Motor Company and Northwest Airlines conform to the transactional leadership style. Ford is more customers focused instead of employee oriented. Without the consumers, Ford will not survive the auto industry. Northwest Airlines is both employee and consumer focused because the company is realizing that without the employees the company will suffer a substantial loss on revenue. In the health care case study, the organization changed their mindset to start investing in the people rather than investing on the building and/or equipment. Previous leaders had not considered this different approach. The new department coordinator took a risk when changing past transactional leader managing style to becoming a transforming leadership style. The work began by focusing on the facility’s biggest investment, their workforce. Training, instead of having the new staff figure how to do their jobs on their own, was now a matter of teaching and mentoring, resulting in better overall practices used toward their patients. Cahill’s approach was to change the ambience of how the work was getting done, in fact he compares having ambience within a restaurant as being just as important as cooking the meals. Processes changed in how to overcome slumping sales and gaining customer satisfaction, â€Å"For instance, it would be difficult to persist on a project if you were working with defective raw materials or broken equipment. In contrast, motivated behaviors are likely to be enhanced when managers supply employees with adequate resources to get the job done and provide effective coaching, (Kinicki Kreitner, 2003, p. 260)†. Influence of Leadership on Management Practices The director of the health care facility assisted in making final decisions on what proposed project would be the best fit for the two practices. The new department coordinator influenced the director to invest in developing continuation educational programs for their staff. The coordinator had recently completed a Masters degree in business administration and was the person responsible for initiating employee satisfaction surveys when previous leaders were in charge. Understanding the importance of providing formal continuation educational courses provided an increase in company employee morale. Olin Pool Products also had similar influences with the President of Olin Chemicals Patrick Davey. Cahill called Davey, advising him that there would be radical changes within the organizational structure and that the need for change was necessary. Cahill also advised the team coaches that they would figure out how to resolve the issues at hand, as they continued to make progress. Davey agreed to proceed with Cahill’s proposal; this is a test of influences: â€Å"the crux of the issue is social influence. A large measure of interpersonal interaction involves attempts to influence others, including parents, bosses, coworkers, spouses, teachers, friends, and children (Kinicki Kreitner, 2003, p. 260)†. Ford Motor Company leadership has changed over the years with the focus of keeping the company out of the red. Leadership has been influenced to accept hat the industry has changed and in order for the company to excel in the industry, they must first listen to the consumers. The reading defines servant-leadership, which focuses on increased service to others rather than to one. (Krietner Kinicki 2004) Factors that Contribute to Long-Term Commitment to Change Results from the changes made within the health care study case were in management style and the organization had made significant changes to support and expand on employee satisfaction, commitment to employees and outcome resulting on better patient care. Existing and new staff recognized the importance of these strides and resulted in increased commitment with improved performance quality. Cahill removed structural barriers in encouraging team coaches to learn from one another and be open about sharing solutions that would result in increased sales and better customer satisfaction. Northwest Airlines new leadership has undergone change within the organization because of the restructuring. Most organization tends to react once they notice something is wrong instead of acting while everything is going right. This process is call being proactive instead of reactive. The company has a loss of effective communication within the leadership. Future Leadership Challenges and Leadership Styles for Specific Situation Changes that have been implemented as the healthcare, pool, auto, and airline industry demands are constantly changing. What has been implemented may not be as effective in the near future; since it has been proven that all industries are bound to go through changes, then so do the organization’s needs. It is crucial that throughout the process of change, organizations must continue learning when to recognize the need for change, what type of change is needed, and proactively move forward. Conclusion The health care study approached new leadership in the form of transformational style; the employees were inspired by the small changes made by department coordinator. This resulted in the acceptance of change in how the two practices were to be formed as one clinical office. Olin Pool Company was also transformational leadership style, having a fire disaster at one of their plant locations. The disaster motivated the company to form new product lines. Ford Motor Company is changing its leadership style by using line level managers to implement changes in producing quality products and providing workers with better training. This is a transformational type of leadership style that Ford is implementing within its organization. Northwest Airlines leadership has been focused on short term goals to reduce overhead cost by reducing number of pilots. However this short term focus came at the expense of the customers having to reschedule flights. This has diminished customer confidence and may lead to long term issues. Leadership style is missing as the organization is setting short term goals that do not support long viability of the organization. There are a number of different approaches, or styles to leadership and management that are based on different assumptions and theories. The leadership style that organizations use will be based on a combination of the companies’ beliefs, values and preferences. Also the organizational culture, values and ethics will encourage some styles and discourage others. How to cite Leadership and Change Paper, Papers

Approaches to Nursing Practice Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Approaches to Nursing Practice. Answer: Written Explanation The patient has been reported to have been suffering from chronic ailments such as diabetes mellitus and hypertension that were diagnosed successively within an interval of 10 years. The onset of metabolic disorder like diabetes in the patient 20 years earlier predisposed him to acquire condition related to high blood pressure that was eventually diagnosed in him 10 years later. High blood pressure in the patient accounted for greater working of the heart to pump blood to the respective organs for oxygenation (Khatibzadeh et al., 2013). Moreover, greater force applied by the heart to pump blood caused decreased efficiency of the heart to supply oxygen to the concerned organs in the body. Hormonal imbalance due to lack of insulin in the patient lead to the development of diabetes mellitus that further raised concerns for triggering obesity like condition where excessive gain of weight is evident in the person. Obesity in addition to diabetes and hypertension has been identified as pot ential risk factors for certain cardiovascular anomalies that in turn impair the functioning of the heart. The detection of myocardial infarction in the patient that caused diminished supply of arterial oxygen to the organs thus may be attributed to be a combined resultant effect due to the risk factors. Causation of myocardial infarction further aggravated the risk of encountering cardiovascular disease in the patient due to progressive loss of functioning of heart muscles, narrowing of arteries that culminated in reduced supply of oxygen due to reduced cardiac output (Ersbll et al., 2013). Thus, all these risk factors and etiology represented the disease pathophysiology related to left heart failure in the patient. The disease related to left-sided heart failure as diagnosed in the patient has been found to be manifested through various signs and symptoms. Overall impairment of functioning of the heart to supply blood and oxygen represents for the reduced cardiac output following diminished efficiency of the myocardial tissues because of damage or overloading. Compromise of the aortic flow of blood to the body and brain is accounted in case of left-sided heart failure. A life threatening condition develops due to left-sided heart failure whereby the left ventricle gets affected. Left ventricle is responsible for receiving the oxygen rich blood from the lungs and then distributes it to the remainder of the body. Due to this decreased capacity of pumping blood from the left ventricle, the supply of oxygen to the body parts gets restricted especially during strenuous physical activity like that of exercise. As a consequence, fatigue ensues owing to the blockage of the pulmonary vasculature that ac count for the onset of symptoms concerning the pulmonary system (Heusch et al., 2014). These effects may be corroborated with the exhibition of symptoms related to shortness of breath, persistent tiredness and fatigue coupled with cough in the patient. Further the patient expressed difficulty in lying down and reported of sleeping with the head elevated for abating the shortness of breath that may be cited as vita indicators of the presence of the disease. Further waking up due to shortness of breath has been elucidated that may be related to the clinical condition of paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, a known predictor of cardiovascular abnormality (Yagishita-Tagawa et al., 2013). Thus the signs and symptoms are harbingers of the altered pathophysiology relevant to the patient. Chest X-ray along with electrocardiogram (ECG) is the suggested diagnostic tests for the diagnosed disease of left-sided heart failure. It has been confirmed through empirical findings that condition of the heart and lung may be detected through X-ray images. An enlarged heart and fluid build-up in lungs may be detected by virtue of this imaging that in turn will aid in understanding of the signs and symptoms relevant to the cardiovascular disorder of left-sided heart failure. Further the electrical activity of the heart that demonstrates the underlying pathogenesis of the disease may be accurately detected through electrocardiogram. Placement of electrodes at the desired locations of the skin will generate data that will help to indicate the functioning of the heart during the various phases of cardiac cycle. Other relevant data pertaining to the rhythms of the heart and the time elapsed during the systole and diastole may be known from ECG (Ponikowski et al., 2016). Therefore progn osis of heart failure may be represented through ECG and chest X-ray. Moreover, pertinent to the patient condition, coronary bypass surgery that accounts for open heart surgery may be suggested as the choicest mode of treatment for left-sided heart failure. In this procedure, the cardiothoracic surgeon takes a healthy piece of artery from leg, arm or chest and attaches or bypasses it to the blocked artery in the heart for allowing more free movement of blood through the organ (Al-Ghamdi et al., 2016). Thus, blood flow is ensured through the new blood vessel by bypassing the damaged or blocked artery. Moreover pacemakers may be introduced as adjunct therapy to coronary bypass for regulating the heart rhythms in combination with medications. References Al-Ghamdi, B., Mallawi, Y., Shafquat, A., Ledesma, A., AlRuwaili, N., Shoukri, M., ... Al Sanei, A. (2016). Predictors of Permanent Pacemaker Implantation After Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting and Valve Surgery in Adult Patients in Current Surgical Era.Cardiology Research,7(4), 123. Ersbll, M., Valeur, N., Mogensen, U. M., Andersen, M. J., Mller, J. E., Velazquez, E. J., ... Kber, L. (2013). Prediction of all-cause mortality and heart failure admissions from global left ventricular longitudinal strain in patients with acute myocardial infarction and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction.Journal of the American College of Cardiology,61(23), 2365-2373. Heusch, G., Libby, P., Gersh, B., Yellon, D., Bhm, M., Lopaschuk, G., Opie, L. (2014). Cardiovascular remodelling in coronary artery disease and heart failure.The Lancet,383(9932), 1933-1943. Khatibzadeh, S., Farzadfar, F., Oliver, J., Ezzati, M., Moran, A. (2013). Worldwide risk factors for heart failure: a systematic review and pooled analysis.International journal of cardiology,168(2), 1186-1194. Ponikowski, P., Voors, A. A., Anker, S. D., Bueno, H., Cleland, J. G., Coats, A. J., ... Jessup, M. (2016). 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC.European heart journal,37(27), 2129-2200. Yagishita-Tagawa, Y., Yumino, D., Takagi, A., Serizawa, N., Hagiwara, N. (2013). Association between sleep apnea and overnight hemodynamic changes in hospitalized heart failure patients with and without paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea.Journal of cardiology,61(5), 348-353.

The Vikings Essay Research Paper Joseph Johnston free essay sample

The Vikings Essay, Research Paper Joseph Johnston was a Confederate general and American ground forces officer. Johnston was born in Farmville, Va. , on February 3, l807. Johnston was frequently recognized for his defensive abilities but criticized for being excessively cautious. He was frequently hurt and known for his courage in the Seminole and Mexican wars. He was looked down on as an able officer and became the quartermaster general of the ground forces. In April of l86l, Joseph Johnston followed his province into the Confederacy and was appointed a general in the Southern Army. In July he commanded Confederate military personnels at the First Battle of Bull Run. Although he got the triumph, he shared the recognition with his co-worker, General P.G.T. Beauregard. In May l862, Johnston was badly wounded at the Battle of Seven Pines. He spent six months recovering from his hurts. During Johnstons convalescence, a major statement broke out between Johnston and Confederate President Jefferson Davis. We will write a custom essay sample on The Vikings Essay Research Paper Joseph Johnston or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The dissagreement was over Johnston? s rank among generals in the ground forces and differences over strate gray and military disposal. In November l862, Johnston took bid of southern forces in Mississippi and Tennessee. Johnston was unable to halt General Grant from taking the triumph over Vicksburg. Public sentiment still wanted Davis to delegate Johnston to command the Army of Tennessee after they suffered terrible lickings in late l863. In l864, Johnston led his ground forces in an attempt to halt General William T. Shermans? s invasion of Georgia. Once once more, Johnstons? personality and his statements with Davis put a crick in his public presentation, and his ground forces bit by bit fell back to Atlanta. On July l7, l864, Johnston was eventually replaced. Johnston was briefly called back by General Robert E.Lee in early l865 to oppose the federal forces in the Carolinas. He surrendered to Sherman on April 26, 17 yearss after Lee surrendered at Appomattox. After the war, Johnston served in the U.S. House of Representatives and as commissioner of U.S. railwaies. Johnston died in Washington, D.C. on March 2l, l89l which was brought on by standing hatless in the rain at the funeral of General Sherman.

75+ Interesting History Research Paper Topics - Paperell.com

75+ Interesting History Research Paper Topics 75+ Interesting History Research Paper Topics Some people say that history is boring, and a lot find it completely obsolete. However, what most people aren’t aware of is the very fact that history teaches us not to repeat the same mistakes and it teaches us how to be noble and appreciate more the time we live in. Students are becoming keener on history, so they decide to come up with history research paper topics with thorough research of historical events to write about. However, if you are unable to come up with the most appropriate topic, we are here to present you with a list of very intriguing topics to focus on.How to choose a topic for a research paper?Not being able to make the right decision on what topic to dedicate your time to is more than understandable since history is the subject that gives you a vast choice. Therefore, a lot of students find themselves lost on how to choose a research topic when there are so many interesting history research paper topics.The best way to choose a good topic would be to focu s on historical figures that you admire or that you think that marked one period in history so much that they changed the present time as well. You don’t have to rely on writing about wars as you can write about festivals, games, and free time activities in certain past ages as well as mythology, mystery, and religion. Life in middle ages can be an interesting subject, for example.However, students who struggle with their writing skills can always buy a research paper online from reliable writing services that will teach them the art of writing on good history research paper topics. On the other hand, those who would like to try to write the papers themselves can get help with college papers online as well by working with a person who is an expert in that field.What’s more, when choosing the topic, make sure there are enough study materials because it’s important that you have resources you can lean on in case you ran out of ideas. Then again, you should, of cou rse, avoid plagiarism since this might severely harm your academic reputation. Therefore, if you are not sure how to provide the right citation and references, don’t hesitate to get help from people who can do it with eyes closed.Controversial topic in history for research paperFinding a subject that is going to spark other people’s interest and encourage them to read your writing assignment is not easy, but luckily, there are a variety of controversial research topics as well as debatable topics for research paper that can encourage other students to share their opinions on the subject. Here are just a few to help you start:Why has nationalism failed to become a primary source of identity in the Arab States, but it has everywhere else?How were women treated in the Soviet occupied zone during World War Two?What happened in Germany after the fall of Hitler and the Nazis?Did the Holocaust experiments achieve anything scientifically other than pointless cruelty?Why was co mmunism perceived as a bad system historically?Was the Spanish Inquisition morally justified?What sort of presence did the papal inquisitions of the 12-14th centuries have in England?Why is Niccolo Machiavelli considered the founder of political science?What’s the story behind the assassination of John F. Kennedy?Were the forms of state institutions a contributing factor to the Great Divergence?How free was the British press during the 19th century?Was the Six Days War a preemptive strike or an act of aggression?Who was Abu Hamid al-Ghazali and were his ideas good for the Islamic world?Did the Native Americans resist assimilation?Did the United States use atomic bombs on Japan to end the war or to prevent the Soviet Union from amassing influence in Asia?What led to the great immigration wave from Syria?Why is the fall of Constantinople in 1453 considered to be one of the saddest moment in the history of humankind?Topics about all the agesHistory covers so many ages and so man y times, and that’s what gives you the necessary variety in order to write a good research paper.Ancient history research paper topicsWhen you think about history, a lot of people focus on the two world wars without even taking into consideration the ancient history such as Ancient Rome, Ancient Greece or Egypt that provide so many interesting ancient history topics for research paper. However, not only Rome and Greece were interesting since you have many other populations who lived in ancient times but whose history is less known.What was mannerism like in ancient times, and how did people behave towards each other?How was winter warfare conducted during ancient history (5000BC to 500AD)?Were there protests and demonstrations in ancient times?What are the greatest infantry battles of ancient history?Who had the strongest military in ancient history?Did anyone ever object to the Gladiatorial Games in Ancient Rome on moral grounds?How were slaves treated in Ancient Rome and wh y they didn’t unite in groups to demand more rights?Was it a pure coincidence that democracy emerged in Ancient Greece and what led to it in general?What is the story of Theagenes of Thasos who was the strongest fighter in Ancient Greece?Why was Ancient Rome more influential that Ancient Greece?How did police work in Ancient Rome?What are some similarities and differences between Ancient Rome and Ancient Greece?What was the life of civilians like in Ancient Rome?How did philosophy become so popular in Ancient Greece?Who was Alexander the Great, and why is he considered to be one of the greatest leaders in history?Which people from Ancient Rome are worth admiration and why?Which people from Ancient Greece are worth admiration and why?What was the role of gods in Ancient Greece?How was ancient Egypt different from Ancient Greece and Rome?How did voting work in Ancient Greece?Middle Ages research topicsMedieval history, Middle Ages, renaissance represent a historical period of c hange, development but also of wars and new laws which leaves you with a lot of Middle Age topics. There are many stories about medieval history and renaissance, for example, which could be explored to a much greater extent.How did mixed-religion marriages work in the Middle Ages?How common was excommunication in the High Middle Ages, and how were these people treated?How did humans cope with poor eyesight in the Middle Ages?What crimes were common in medieval history?Who was King Richard III?Why were the Middle Ages considered to be the Age of Discovery?What differences in architecture existed between Early and Late Middle Ages?What led to the Byzantine revival?What was life like for the intellectuals of the Middle Ages?What was life like in Venice in the time of the Renaissance?How were North European High Middle Ages different from Italian renaissance?What events that happened in medieval times changed history?Did the Crusades set the stage for the greater stability of the High M iddle Ages?What was the life of an average person like in the Middle Ages in Europe?Was there much interest in the Qu’ran in medieval Europe?What discoveries were made in medieval Europe?Who was Nicholas of Cusa?Why 1492 a significant year?How was a renaissance in Russia different from the one in the western countries?How were cities developed in Medieval Europe?Modern world history topicsModern day history has been marked with plenty of negative events since there were two world wars, flu pandemic, decolonization but also the birth of the digital revolution which can be an endless resource of ideas for 20th-century topics so take a look at the ones below.What made nationalism a major issue in the 20th century?Why was the Eastern front different from the Western front during World War I?How did the US military transition from the Civil War in 1865 to World War I in 1914?Why were cubism and surrealism so popular in the 20th century?What was the status/role of women in the USSR through the 20th century?Why didnt any western countries intervene in Communist China in the mid-20th century?What was the role of Italy in WWII?Why did the Great Depression start in the United States?What were international relations like between the two World Wars?What happened between the two World Wars in countries that participated in World War One?What was Vichy France in WWII and what ideology it presented?What goods were mass-produced in the 20th century?What inventions marked the 20th century?Who were the most important leaders in WWII?Why are the 1920s called the Roaring Twenties?How did the world recover after World War II?What led to the Spanish Civil War in 1936?What happened to the British Empire after World War One?To what extent did mainstream Russian society adopt Soviet ideals?What was art and music like in the 20th century?What events marked the 20th century in Australia?Were there any states that could be called totalitarian that existed before the 20th century? What were the greatest presidential speeches in the 20th century?What caused so many empires to die out in the 20th century?What were the most significant inventions and technological advances in the 20th century?World history research paper topicsIf you would like to write a topic on world history but you cannot decide whether you find European, Asian, African or even history of Middle East interesting, you can rely on the following subjects that might help you narrow down your choice, or you can simply borrow one of ours.European history research paper topicsAs a continent, Europe, in general, was blessed with a very rich history that wasn’t always quite bright or positive if we take into account the wars and Inquisition, the Crusades and so many other events that made the continent as it is now. However, thanks to all those events, there are many interesting European history topics that you can explore.What led to Yugoslav wars in Eastern Europe?Why has Western Europe alwa ys been more developed than the East?What significant battles occurred in Central Europe?How was the English so ready to switch to the Church of England?Who were the cruelest rulers of France?What led to the French Revolution?Did any other country besides Russia use women soldiers during World War Two?Why was the Battle of Dunkirk of great importance in WWII?What really triggered World War One?What was Hitlers reasoning in attacking the Soviets during WWII?When did England and France shift from being enemies to being allies?Was the Holocaust the worst crime that occurred in Europe?What nation has had the most influential culture in Europe throughout history?What led to the rise of Gothic architecture?What was it like to live under Josip Broz Tito?What were the differences between feudalism in Western Europe and Eastern Europe?What led to the fall of great Yugoslavia?How did the Balkan wars reshape the map of Europe?Historically, what were some common stereotypes of Eastern Orthodox Christians in Europe?What was life like in Asian Soviet countries?Who was Gavrilo Princip?How did the Industrial Revolution change European countries?What led to the fall of the Berlin Wall and what came afterward?What was the Iberian Peninsula’s role in the World Wars?Why is Dutch colonization less known than the British or the French one?What factors contributed to the mass degradation of women in France during the aftermath of WWII?Why did Poland surrender so quickly in World War II?Why was Operation Barbarossa planned for when it was?Historically, what relations do the state of Germany and the church have?What was the Vikings influence on Normandy?US history research paper topicsThe United States of America is a very young country compared to the whole continents like Europe and Asia, but that doesn’t mean that there are no interesting US history topics to choose from. Therefore, make sure you read those below and get some idea on what you might want to write about .What is the story behind the civil war in the US?Why the US used two atomic bombs instead of just one in 1945?What were the most intriguing events in the time of colonization?How did the US fight for independence?How was America founded?Who were the first inhabitants of the USA?What culture and history did the Native Americans cherish before the arrival of Europeans?How were slaves treated in the USA?What led to the abolishment of slavery?What was the life of African-Americans like in the 19th century in the USA?How was the first Constitution written?What were the highlights of the Jeffersonian Republican Era?What is the story behind the Cold War?How did the US deal with the 9/11?What came after 9/11 in the modern history of the USA?Why was the attack on Pearl Harbor so significant historically? Why exactly did the Japanese attack the USA?How have taxes been introduced throughout the USA history?Why did the leaders of the American Revolution fail to establish equality for everyone? Who were the people behind the scene in the American Revolution?What traditions are related to Independence Day?Research paper topics on AfricaAs a continent, Africa is very rarely mentioned in the news so many people don’t really talk a lot about African culture and history through African countries also went through a lot of difficult situations with wars and crimes within the tribes. If you don’t want to write about Europe and the USA, then you should give Africa a chance since there are many interesting topics on Africa related to tribal lives as well as the development of the continent in general. In the list below, you can find some of the most intriguing topics about Africa.Why was South Africa determined to maintain apartheid?What happened in the Rwandan genocide?What was Africa like in the 1600s, was it similar to Europe and Asia?What are, historically speaking, the poorest countries in Africa and what led to the poverty of those countries?What are, historical ly speaking, the wealthiest countries in Africa and what lead to the wealth of those countries?Why did North Africa go from one of the wealthiest regions in the time of the Roman Empire to a regional backwater?What are some post-colonial troubles people in Africa had to face?Why did the Dutch move into South Africa?What is the story about Africa Campaign during World War II?What religions have been practiced in Africa?What makes the Democratic Republic of Congo different from its neighboring countries?What are some facts related to Ancient Africa?What were the most powerful empires from the 6th to the 18th century?What leads to the decolonization of Africa?What was the role of Africa in World War I?Why did it take until the 19th century for European powers to start colonizing Sub-Saharan Africa?Who was Idi Amin?What African leader did the most for his or her nation in modern history?What caused the Sudanese Civil War?What were the consequences of German Warfare in Africa in 1884?How were petroleum and oil discovered in Ethiopia?Who were famous authors coming from Africa?Middle East research paper topicsThe Middle East is considered to be the cradle of civilization. Therefore, you can be sure that there are some amazing research papers already written about this area of our beautiful planet. However, throughout the history, the Middle East was the center of trading, knowledge, and art so you can check the following Middle East research topics in order to find some of your likings.Was Genghis Khan’s decimation in the Middle East what led to dark ages for Islam?What are some less known facts about the Byzantine Empire?Who were the most powerful pharaohs of Egypt?What made the first great civilization of mankind, the Sumerians?Who was Sargon the Great?What empires spread over Mesopotamia?What are some significant events that happened in Pre-Islam Middle East?How did the Ottoman Empire spread to the Middle East?What came after the discovery of oil in Persia in 1908?Which countries in the Middle East have been economically powerful throughout history?What was feudalism like in the Middle East?What led to the creation of the United Arab Emirates?What were the reasons for British imperial expansion in the Middle East?Were the Crusades supported by Christians in the Middle East?What did the western world think of the Middle East in the 1800s and early 1900s?In what ways were Roman and Byzantine cultures adapted to and incorporated in the Middle East?What significant events changed the Middle East in modern history?

World War I Campaigns of 1917

World War I Campaigns of 1917 In November 1916, Allied leaders again met at Chantilly to devise plans for the coming year. In their discussions, they determined to renew the fighting on the 1916 Somme battlefield as well as mount an offensive in Flanders designed to clear the Germans from the Belgian coast. These plans were quickly altered when General Robert Nivelle replaced General Joseph Joffre as commander-in-chief of the French Army. One of the heroes of Verdun, Nivelle was an artillery officer who believed that saturation bombardment coupled with creeping barrages could destroy the enemys defenses creating rupture and allowing Allied troops to break through to the open ground in the German rear. As the shattered landscape of the Somme did not offer suitable ground for these tactics, the Allied plan for 1917 came to resemble that of 1915, with offensives planned for Arras in the north and the Aisne in the south. While the Allies debated strategy, the Germans were planning to change their position. Arriving in the West in August 1916, General Paul von Hindenburg and his chief lieutenant, General Erich Ludendorff, began construction of a new set of entrenchments behind the Somme. Formidable in scale and depth, this new Hindenburg Line reduced the length of the German position in France, freeing ten divisions for service elsewhere. Completed in January 1917, German troops began shifting back to the new line in March. Watching the Germans withdraw, Allied troops followed in their wake and constructed a new set of trenches opposite the Hindenburg Line. Fortunately for Nivelle, this movement did not affect the areas targeted for offensive operations (Map). America Enters the Fray In the wake of the Lusitania sinking in 1915, President Woodrow Wilson had demanded that Germany cease its policy of unrestricted submarine warfare. Though the Germans had complied with this, Wilson began efforts to bring the combatants to the negotiating table in 1916. Working through his emissary Colonel Edward House, Wilson even offered the Allies American military intervention if they would accept his conditions for a peace conference before the Germans. Despite this, the United States remained decidedly isolationist at the beginning of 1917 and its citizens were not eager to join what was seen as a European war. Two events in January 1917 set in motion a series of events which brought the nation into the conflict. The first of these was the Zimmermann Telegram which was made public in the United States on March 1. Transmitted in January, the telegram was a message from German Foreign Secretary Arthur Zimmermann to the government of Mexico seeking a military alliance in event of war with the United States. In return for attacking the United States, Mexico was promised the return of territory lost during the Mexican-American War (1846-1848), including Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona, as well as substantial financial assistance. Intercepted by British naval intelligence and the US State Department, the contents of the message caused widespread outrage among the American people. On December 22, 1916, the Chief of Staff of the Kaiserliche Marine, Admiral Henning von Holtzendorff issued a memorandum calling for the resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare. Arguing that victory could only be achieved by attacking Britains maritime supply lines, he was quickly supported by von Hindenburg and Ludendorff. In January 1917, they convinced Kaiser Wilhelm II that the approach was worth the risk of a break with the United States and submarine attacks resumed on February 1. The American reaction was swift and more severe than anticipated in Berlin. On February 26, Wilson asked Congress for permission to arm American merchant ships. In mid-March, three American ships were sunk by German submarines. A direct challenge, Wilson went before a special session of Congress on April 2 declaring that the submarine campaign was a war against all nations and asked that war be declared with Germany. This request was granted on April 6 and subsequent declarations of war were issu ed against Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria. Mobilizing for War Though the United States had joined the fight, it would be some time before American troops could be fielded in large numbers. Numbering only 108,000 men in April 1917, the US Army began a rapid expansion as volunteers enlisted in large numbers and a selective draft instituted. Despite this, it was decided to immediately dispatch an American Expeditionary Force composed of one division and two Marine brigades to France. Command of the new AEF was given to General John J. Pershing. Possessing the second-largest battle fleet in the world, the American naval contribution was more immediate as US battleships joined the British Grand Fleet at Scapa Flow, giving the Allies a decisive and permanent numerical advantage at sea. The U-boat War As the United States mobilized for war, Germany began its U-boat campaign in earnest. In lobbying for unrestricted submarine warfare, Holtzendorff had estimated that sinking 600,000 tons per month for five months would cripple Britain. Rampaging across the Atlantic, his submarines crossed the threshold in April when they sunk 860,334 tons. Desperately seeking to avert disaster, the British Admiralty tried a variety of approaches to stem the losses, including Q ships which were warships disguised as merchantmen. Though initially resisted by the Admiralty, a system of convoys was implemented in late April. The expansion of this system led to reduced losses as the year progressed. While not eliminated, convoys, the expansion of air operations, and mine barriers worked to mitigate the U-boat threat for the remainder of the war. The Battle of Arras On April 9, the commander of the British Expeditionary Force, Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig, opened the  offensive at Arras. Beginning a week earlier than Nivelles push to the south, it was hoped that Haigs attack would draw German troops away from the French front. Having conducted extensive planning and preparation, the British troops achieved great success on the first day of the offensive. Most notable was the swift capture of Vimy Ridge by General Julian Byngs Canadian Corps. Though advances were achieved, planned pauses in the attack hampered the exploitation of successful assaults. The next day, German reserves appeared on the battlefield and fighting intensified. By April 23, the battle had devolved into the type of attritional stalemate that had become typical of the Western Front. Under pressure to support Nivelles efforts, Haig pressed the offensive as casualties mounted. Finally, on May 23, the battle was brought to an end. Though Vimy Ridge had been taken, the strateg ic situation had not changed dramatically. The Nivelle Offensive To the south, the Germans faired better against Nivelle. Aware that an offensive was coming due to captured documents and loose French talk, the Germans had shifted additional reserves to the area behind the Chemin des Dames ridge in Aisne. In addition, they employed a system of flexible defense which removed the bulk of the defensive troops from the front lines. Having promised victory within forty-eight hours, Nivelle sent his men forward through rain and sleet on April 16. Pressing up the wooded ridge, his men were not able to keep up with the creeping barrage that was intended to protect them. Meeting increasingly heavy resistance, the advance slowed as heavy casualties were sustained. Advancing no more than 600 yards on the first day, the offensive soon became a bloody disaster (Map). By the end of the fifth day, 130,000 casualties (29,000 dead) had been sustained and Nivelle abandoned the attack having advanced around four miles on a sixteen-mile front. For his failure, he was relieved on April 29 and replaced by  General Philippe Pà ©tain. Discontent in the French Ranks In the wake of the failed Nivelle Offensive, a series of mutinies broke out in the French ranks. Though more along the lines of military strikes than traditional mutinies, the unrest manifested itself when fifty-four French divisions (nearly half the army) refused to the return to the front. In those divisions which were affected, there was no violence between the officers and men, simply unwillingness on the part of the rank and file to maintain the status quo. Demands from the mutineers generally were characterized by requests for more leave, better food, better treatment for their families, and a halt to offensive operations. Though known for his abrupt personality, Pà ©tain recognized the severity of the crisis and took a soft hand. Though unable to openly state that offensive operations would be halted, he implied that this would be the case. In addition, he promised more regular and frequent leave, as well as implementing a defense in depth system which required fewer troops in the front lines. While his officers worked to win back the mens obedience, efforts were made to round up the ringleaders. All told, 3,427 men were court-martialed for their roles in the mutinies with forty-nine executed for their crimes. Much to Pà ©tains fortune, the Germans never detected the crisis and remained quiet along the French front. By August, Pà ©tain felt confident enough to conduct minor offensive operations near Verdun, but much to the mens pleasure, no major French offensive occurred prior to July 1918. The British Carry the Load With French forces effectively incapacitated, the British were forced to bear the responsibility for keeping the pressure on the Germans. In the days after the Chemin des Dames debacle, Haig began seeking a way to relieve pressure on the French. He found his answer in plans that General Sir Herbert Plumer had been developing for capturing Messines Ridge near Ypres. Calling for extensive mining under the ridge, the plan was approved and Plumer opened the  Battle of Messines  on June 7. Following a preliminary bombardment, explosives in the mines were detonated vaporizing part of the German front. Swarming forward, Plumers men took the ridge and rapidly achieved the operations objectives. Repelling German counterattacks, British forces built new defensive lines to hold their gains. Concluding on June 14, Messines was one of the few clear-cut victories achieved by either side on the Western Front (Map). The Third Battle of Ypres (Battle of Passchendaele) With the success at Messines, Haig sought to revive his plan for an offensive through the center of the Ypres salient. Intended to first capture the village of Passchendaele,  the offensive  was to break through the German lines and clear them from the coast. In planning the operation, Haig was opposed Prime Minister David Lloyd George who increasingly wished to husband British resources and await the arrival of large numbers of American troops before launching any major offensives on the Western Front. With the support of Georges principal military advisor, General Sir William Robertson, Haig was finally able to secure approval. Opening the battle on July 31, British troops attempted to secure the Gheluvelt Plateau. Subsequent attacks were mounted against Pilckem Ridge and Langemarck. The battlefield, which was largely reclaimed land, soon degenerated into a vast sea of mud as seasonal rains moved through the area. Though the advance was slow, new bite and hold tactics allowed the British to gain ground. These called for short advances supported by massive amounts of artillery. Employment of these tactics secured objectives such as the Menin Road, Polygon Wood, and Broodseinde. Pressing on despite heavy losses and criticism from London, Haig secured Passchendaele on November 6. Fighting subsided four days later (Map). The Third Battle of Ypres became a symbol of the conflicts grinding, attritional warfare and many have debated the need for the offensive. In the fighting, the British had made a maximum effort, sustained over 240,000 casualties, and failed to breach the German defenses. While these losses coul d not be replaced, the Germans had forces in the East to make good their losses. The Battle of Cambrai With the fighting for Passchendaele devolving into a bloody stalemate, Haig approved a plan presented by General Sir Julian Byng for a  combined attack against Cambrai  by the Third Army and the Tank Corps. A new weapon, tanks have not previously been massed in large numbers for an assault. Utilizing a new artillery scheme, Third Army achieved surprise over the Germans on November 20 and made quick gains. Though achieving their initial objectives, Byngs men had difficulty exploiting the success as reinforcements had trouble reaching the front. By the next day, German reserves began arriving and fighting intensified. British troops fought a bitter battle to take control of Bourlon Ridge and by November 28 began digging in to defend their gains. Two days later, German troops, utilizing stormtrooper infiltration tactics, launched a massive counterattack. While the British fought hard to defend the ridge in the north, the Germans made gains in the south. When the fighting ended on De cember 6, the battle had become a draw with each side gaining and losing about the same amount of territory. The fighting at Cambrai effectively brought operations on the Western Front to a close for the winter (Map). In Italy To the south in Italy, the forces of General Luigi Cadorna continued attacks in the Isonzo Valley. Fought in May-June 1917, the Tenth Battle of the Isonzo and gained little ground. Not to be dissuaded, he opened the Eleventh Battle on August 19. Focusing on the Bainsizza Plateau, Italian forces made some gains but could not dislodge the Austro-Hungarian defenders. Suffering 160,000 casualties, the battle badly depleted Austrian forces on the Italian front (Map). Seeking help, Emperor Karl sought reinforcements from Germany. These were forthcoming and soon a total of thirty-five divisions opposed Cadorna. Through years of fighting, the Italians had taken much of the valley, but the Austrians still held two bridgeheads across the river. Utilizing these crossings, German General Otto von Below attacked on October 24, with his troops employing stormtrooper tactics and poison gas. Known as the  Battle of Caporetto, von Belows forces broke into the rear of the Italian Second Army and cau sed Cadornas entire position to collapse. Forced into headlong retreat, the Italians attempted to make a stand at the Tagliamento River but were forced back when the Germans bridged it on November 2. Continuing the retreat, the Italians finally halted behind the Piave River. In achieving his victory, von Below advanced eighty miles and had taken 275,000 prisoners. Revolution in Russia The beginning of 1917 saw troops in the Russian ranks expressing many of the same complaints offered by the French later that year. In the rear, the Russian economy had reached a full war footing, but the boom that resulted brought about rapid inflation and led to the break down of the economy and infrastructure. As food supplies in Petrograd dwindled, unrest increased leading to mass demonstrations and a revolt by the Tsars Guards. At his headquarters in Mogilev, Tsar Nicholas II was initially unconcerned by events in the capital. Beginning on March 8, the February Revolution (Russia still used the Julian calendar) saw the rise of a Provisional Government in Petrograd. Ultimately convinced to abdicate, he stepped down on March 15 and nominated his brother Grand Duke Michael to succeed him. This offer was refused and the Provisional Government took power. Willing to continue the war, this government, in conjunction with the local Soviets, soon appointed Alexander Kerensky Minister of War. Naming General Aleksei Brusilov Chief of Staff, Kerensky worked to restore the spirit of the army. On June 18, the Kerensky Offensive began with Russian troops striking the Austrians with the goal of reaching Lemberg. For the first two days, the Russians advanced before the lead units, believing they had done their part, halted. Reserve units refused to move forward to take their place and mass desertions began (Map). As the Provisional Government faltered at the front, it came under attack from the rear from returning extremists such as Vladimir Lenin. Aided by the Germans, Lenin had arrived back in Russia on April 3. Lenin immediately began speaking at Bolshevik meetings and preaching a program of non-cooperation with the Provisional Government, nationalization, and an end to the war. As the Russian army began to melt away at the front, the Germans took advantage and conducted offensive operations in the north which culminated in the capture of Riga. Becoming prime minister in July, Kerensky sacked Brusilov and replaced him with anti-German General Lavr Kornilov. On August 25, Kornilov ordered troops to occupy Petrograd and disperse the Soviet. Calling for military reforms, including the abolition of Soldiers Soviets and political regiments, Kornilov grew in popularity with Russian moderates. Ultimately maneuvered into attempting a coup, he was removed after its failure. With Kornilovs defeat, Kerensky and the Provisional Government effectively lost their power as Lenin and the Bolsheviks were in the ascent. On November 7, the October Revolution began which saw the Bolsheviks seize power. Taking control, Lenin formed a new government and immediately called for a three-month armistice. Peace in the East Initially wary of dealing with the revolutionaries, the Germans and Austrians finally agreed to meet with Lenins representatives in December. Opening peace negotiations at Brest-Litovsk, the Germans demanded independence for Poland and Lithuania, while the Bolsheviks wished for peace without annexations or indemnities. Though in a weak position, the Bolsheviks continued to stall. Frustrated, the Germans announced in February that they would suspend the armistice unless their terms were accepted and take as much of Russia as they desired. On February 18, German forces began advancing. Meeting no resistance, they seized much of the Baltic countries, Ukraine, and Belarus. Panic-struck, Bolshevik leaders ordered their delegation to accept Germanys terms immediately. While the  Treaty of Brest-Litovsk  took Russia out of the war, it cost the nation 290,000 square miles of territory, as well as a quarter of its population and industrial resources.

Improv Show Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Improv Show - Essay Example As for the demographics of the audience, it may be necessary to state there were mainly people in their twenties and thirties. People of all ethnic backgrounds were present, but the audience was mostly white. Everyone seemed to be aware of the modern culture; so, the people were quite young. Speaking of my seat, I would like to not that it was located in close proximity to the action. Of course, I was not able to get the front row, but I was sitting close the aisle; so, I had a better view of the scene. It must be noted that the space of the HUGE theatre is contrary to its name, meaning it is not very big; that is why any person could have said that he or she was sitting close to the action. Just like many people around me I did not dress up. I did understand that I was going to attend a theatre, but neither I nor my companion had a thought of dressing up. I believe that improvisation theatre is the next generation of this art and one of the peculiarities of it lies in the fact that dressing up in not required. Keeping this in mind, one should also spare some words about parking. Most of the people shared cars; so, there were not many vehicles in the parking lot. In addition to that, there were no expensive cars: people of the same socioeconomic class attended the concert so there was not need to show off. So, it may be rather advantageous to mention there was some music before the show. It was ambient and was not very loud. However, it set the distinct spirit of optimist for the audience. People were moving around and the music was playing; so, everyone waited for the show to start. I believe that this affected by experience of the show quite a low since it contributed to the formation of the good mood and I could appreciate the performance that I was about to see. Of course the latter would have been enjoyable without